赖世雄美语
赖世雄的美语每课的重点句型与语法整理。
目录
赖世雄的美语初级课程从最基础的句型讲起,循序渐进地覆盖了 be 动词、一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、将来时、动名词、关系代词、被动语态、比较级等核心语法。以下按「上册」与「下册」两部分,分别整理每课的重点句型与语法点,方便复习查阅。
上册:美语初级(上)|第一课~第八十课
赖世雄的美语初级课程从最基础的句型讲起,循序渐进地覆盖了 be 动词、一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、将来时等核心语法。以下按课次整理每课的重点句型与语法点,方便复习查阅。
第一课
主 (人)+ be动词 + 数字 + year(s) old
(某人几岁了)
表示年龄时,除了用 old 之外,也可以用 of age 来替代,两者意思相同。
I am twenty years of age.
I am twenty years old.
my younger sister is thirteen years old.
主 (人)+ Call + 宾语 + 宾补语
(称……为……)
用于表示把某人称作什么,结构为 主语 + call + 宾语 + 宾补语,宾补语通常是一个名词,表示宾语的称呼。
They call the little girl Mary.
She call me bob.
We call he litter boy.
There + be动词 + 名词 + 表示场所的介词短语
(有……)
这是表示"某处存在某物"的句型,根据后面名词的单复数来决定 be 动词:
- There is + 单数名词 + 表示场所的介词短语
- There are + 复数名词 + 表示场所的介词短语
There are six people in my family.
There is a book on the desk.
There are thirty studens in my class.
第二课
主(物)+ name + be + 姓名
(介绍名字)
用于介绍某人的名字,结构为 主(人)+ name + be + 姓名。
My name is mike.
She name is Alice.
Their names are Batman.
Where + be + 主(人) + from
(询问来自哪里)
用于询问某人来自哪里,根据主语人称选择对应的 be 动词。
Where are you from?
Where is he from?
Where is she from?
第三课
人称代词的种类
人称代词按在句子中所充当的成分分为主格、宾格和所有格三类,用来指代不同人称和数别的人或事物。学习时需对照表格记忆各人称代词的不同形式。
人称代词的用法
人称代词分为主格和宾格:主格在句子中作主语,宾格作宾语。
- 主格作主语、宾格作宾语的基本用法:
Peter like music. He is a musician.
Peter and I are teachers. We teach at the same school.
I have a younger sister. I love her very much.
- it 是代词,可用来代替任何单数的动植物或无生命的东西(如书、风扇等):
I see a tree there. It is very tall.
This book is interesting. I enjoy reading it.
during the day
(在白天)
表示"在白天",可用 by day 替换,与 at night 构成对称。
John sleeps during the day.
John sleeps by day.
My father works during the day.
She is tired during the day.
at night
(在晚上)
表示"在晚上",可用 by night 替换,与 during the day 构成对称。
John works at night.
John works by night.
Saly is tired at night.
I go to supermarket at night.
have to
(表示"必须,不得不")
have to 表示"必须、不得不",与 must 的区别在于:must 常指义务或责任上的"必须";have to 则带有"强制"或"非做不可"的意味。
We must love our country.
You have to finish all the worke before you my go home.
My parents have to work.
I have to go to school everyday.
each other
(代词,表示两者的"彼此",在句中只作宾语)
each other 表示两者之间的"彼此",句中的主语必须限定为两者。若表示三者或以上,则用 one another。
John and Mary are a couple. They love each other.
My Parents are Very busy. They only see each other on the weekends.
They hate each other.
one another
(代词,表示三者或三者以上的"彼此",在句中只作宾语)
one another 表示三者或以上之间的"彼此",句中主语必须为三个或三个以上的人物。若表示两者,则用 each other。
Mary and her three older sisters live together. They love one another.
My parents and me love one another. We are happy family.
My two younger brother and I tire one another.
第四课
want to + V(原形)
(想要……)
表示"想要做某事",结构为 主语 + want to + 动词原形。第三人称单数时 want 要变为 wants to。
I want to see him now.
He wants to be an English teacher.
How about you?
(你呢)
用于反问对方的情况,与 and you? 用法相同。
What do you do?
(你是做什么的?)
用于询问对方的职业。
第五课
所有格代词的种类
所有格代词用来表示所属关系,根据人称和数的不同有 my、your、his、her、its、our、their 等不同形式,学习时需对照表格记忆。
所有格代词的用法
所有格代词用来表示"某人的",后接名词,在句中作定语。
That is my book.
Their teacher is strict.
John and his younger sister love their father.
My dog wags its tail when it sees me.
have
(有,本课意思)
have 是及物动词,表示"有"。其各种变化形式如下:
- 过去式:had
- 正在进行时:having
- 第三人称单数:has
John has two dags.
They have many friends.
I had a delicious meal at the restaurant last night.
There is、There are
(也表示"有",但和 have 用法不一样)
There is / are 可以把存在的事物当作主语,而 have 的主语必须是人或动物。注意:表示场所的短语不能当作 have 的主语,否则句子是错误的。
There is a boy in the room.
There are three books on the desk.
但用 have 就没有主语了,所以下面用法是错误的:
- In the room has a boy.(×)
- On the desk have three books.(×)
因为表示场所的短语不能当主语,所以这些句子是错误的。
too & also
(副词,“也”)
too 与 also 都表示"也",区别在于位置:too 置于句尾,其前要有逗号;also 一般置于动词前,若与助动词或 be 动词连用时,also 应置于该 be 动词或助动词之后。
一般动词:
He likes music. I also like it.
He likes music. I like it, too.
be 动词:
He is student. I am also a student.
He is student. I am, too.
助动词:
He can sing. I can also sing.
He can sing. I can, too.
第六课
Please
(请,礼貌用法)
please 用于礼貌地提出请求,有两种位置:
- 置于句首,之后接动词原形:
Please open the door.
- 置于句尾,之前加逗号:
Open the door, please.
Keep
(保持【一种状态】)
keep 表示"保持某种状态",后可接形容词或过去分词作宾语补足语。
Keep the door closed, please.
Can you keep a secret?
Keep the volume low, please.
第七课
省略句的形成
省略句的功能就是省略两句重复的部分,使句子结构简单又不失清楚的含义。
省略句成立的先决条件:
- 两句必须结构相同(有相同的时态及动词),第二句方可形成省略句。
- 第一句若为肯定句,第二句则为否定句;若第一句为否定句,第二句则为肯定句。
动词的省略:
Tony likes music. Tina doesn’t. (省略 likes music)
be 动词的省略:
Tony is an athlete. Tina isn’t. (省略 an athlete)
助动词的省略:
He can’t do it. She can. (省略 do it)
不定冠词 a , an
一般而言,可数名词若为单数,之前要有不定冠词 a / an 表示单数的概念。a 置于辅音起首的单词前,an 置于元音起首的单词前。
There is an ox there.
This is a book.
I have a apple.
特殊用法:当两个名词表示相对关系(如父子、兄妹、母女等)时,前面的不定冠词应省略。例如:
They are brother and sister.
按照不定冠词的规则本应是 They are a brother and a sister,但由于 brother 和 sister 是相对关系,所以省略了不定冠词。
On the other hand
(另一方面来说,话又说回来)
On the other hand 具有副词功能,通常置于句首,修饰整个句子,表示转折或对比。
He is poor at English. On the other hand, he speaks french very well.
第八课
Do、Does + 主(人) + speak ….?
(能说……吗?)
用于询问某人是否会说某种语言。第一、二人称用 do,第三人称单数用 does。
- 第一、二人称:Do + 主语 + speak …?
- 第三人称单数:Does + 主语 + speak …?
Do you speak Janpanese?
Does she speak Chinese?
第九课
现在进行时
这种时态相当于中文"现在正在……“的意思。形成方式为:主语 + be + 现在分词。
现在分词的变化规则:
- 直接在动词原形后加上 -ing:do(做)→ doing(正在做)
- 如果动词以不发音的 e 结尾,去掉末尾的 e,再加上 -ing:take(拿)→ taking(正在拿)
- 如果动词以辅音字母结尾,且重读音节在最后一个音节上,双写最后一个辅音字母,再加上 -ing:stop(停止)→ stopping(正在停止)
- 如果动词以辅音字母 + y 结尾,将 y 改为 i,再加上 -ing:study(学习)→ studying(正在学习)
- 不规则动词需要特别记忆。
Mary is writing a letter.
They are doing their homework.
I am runing in the yard.
名词+’s
(所有格,相当于所有格代词)
在名词后加 ’s 构成所有格,表示"某人的”,相当于所有格代词的功能。
John’s book.
My father’s work.
The boy’s dog.
at
(介词,表示"在……之处")
at 作为介词,表示"在某处",后面所接的宾语多为 house、station、post office、grocery store 等建筑名词。
There are many people at the train station.
I’m shopping at the supermarket.
We met at the coffee shop.
It is + 时间名词
It 是代词,用来代替"今天"“此刻"等时间概念。疑问句为 What time is it?。
It’s Monday.
It’s ten o’clock.
What time is it?
have fun
(固定用语,表示"玩得愉快"“过得愉快"之意)
have fun 是固定短语,表示"玩得愉快”。其现在进行时形式为 having fun。
I have fun every day.
They’re having fun.
第十课
What + be + 主(人) + doing?
(疑问句,"(某人)在做什么?")
用于询问某人此刻正在做什么,根据主语人称选择对应的 be 动词。
A:What are you doing? B:I’m doing my homework.
A:What is she doing? B:She’s waching TV.
第十一课
表示国籍的说法
不同国籍的单词有不同的变化:
- American 作名词时,复数形式为 Americans;但 Chinese 作名词时,复数形式还是 Chinese。
- 置于不定冠词前时,an American 加 an、a Chinese 加 a。
- Spanish 只作形容词,不作名词。
为了避免错误,英美人士多用国籍的形容词形式来表示某人是哪一国人。
He is British.
They are British.
We are Danish.
人称代词+be 缩写
(口语常用)
在口语中,人称代词与 be 动词常缩写:
| 人称代词 | 缩写形式 |
|---|---|
| I am | I’m |
| You are | You’re |
| He is | He’s |
| She is | She’s |
| It is | It’s |
| We are | We’re |
| They are | They’re |
I’m not a student.
He’s a good teacher.
It’s a beautiful dog.
we all & both
(短语,“我们大家”)
all 在这里是形容词,译成"全部的"“所有的”,修饰三个或三个以上的人和物。与代词并用时通常置于代词后,与普通名词并用时置于普通名词前,与专有名词并用时置于专有名词后。both 则修饰两个的人和物。
与代词并用:
They all like music.
I like them all.
与普通名词并用:
All the boys like music.
与专有名词并用:
Peter, Paul and Mary all like music.
修饰两个:
we both like music.
get along
(短语,“相处”)
get along 后面可以接介词 with,再接人作宾语,即 get along with + 人(与某人相处)。
He has a bad temper. I can’t get along with him.
Do you and your sister get along well?
第十二课
as a matter of fact
(短语,“事实上”)
as a matter of fact 具有副词功能,使用时通常置于句首,后加逗号,修饰之后的整个句子。
He knows many English words. As a matter of fact, he is a walking dictionary.
Where + be + 主 + from?
("(某人)来自哪里?")
用于询问某人来自哪里,根据主语人称选择对应的 be 动词。
Where are you from?
Where’s Chen from?
Where is he from?
第十三课
主 + be + 现在分词
(现在进行时句型,相当于中文"此刻正在……“的意思)
这是现在进行时的基本句型,主语 + be + 现在分词,表示此刻正在进行的动作。
They’re chatting in the living room.
He’s reading book.
I’am watching TV.
及物动词 & 不及物动词的区别
可以通过下面两个步骤来区分及物动词和不及物动词:
- 在心中想出下列句型:
A()B。
B 被 A()。
其中 A 和 B 可代表任何人、物或代词。
- 在上列空格填入一个动词,然后将两句译成中文。意思通顺的话该动词就是及物动词,不通顺就是不及物动词。
我 like 音乐。 音乐被我 like。
以上译文通顺,得知 like 是及物动词。
我 work 他。 他被我 work。
以上译文不通顺,得知 work 是不及物动词。
这个简略的方法并非完全精确。比如:
我 sit 椅子。 椅子被我 sit。
以上译文虽然通顺,但 sit 并非及物动词,而是不及物动词,因为 sit 后面要接介词 on(椅子上面)或 in(表示坐在有扶手的椅子里面),再接宾语:
He is sitting on the chair.
He is sitting in the armchair.
所以想精确了解及物动词和不及物动词的区别,最关键的还是勤看文章、勤查字典。
either
(“也”)
either 与 too 都表示"也”,区别在于:
- too 用于肯定句,置于句尾,too 之前置逗号。
- either 用于含有 not 的否定句中,置于句尾,either 之前置逗号。
Mary is beautiful. Jane is, too.
He isn’t happy. She isn’t either.
主 + 不及物动词(vi.)
不及物动词后面不接宾语,直接跟在主语后面即可。
She dances.
He works.
主 + 及物动词(vt.) + 宾语
及物动词后面必须接宾语,构成 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 的结构。
They watch TV.
I read a book.
Mr.wang cleans the room.
be + at home
(固定用法,表示"在家里”)
be at home 是固定搭配,表示"在家"。
Nobody is at home at the Wangs’ house.
He is at home now.
I am at home now.
in & at
(两个均为介词,都可以接表示建筑物的名词作宾语)
区别在于:in 强调"在……里面";at 则笼统地指"在……地方"。
I will meet you in the library.(我会在图书馆里面和你见面。)
I will meet you at the library.(我会在图书馆这个地方和你见面。)
around
(介词,“围绕”)
around 作为介词,表示"围绕、在……周围"。
The children are sitting around the old man.(孩子们正围着老人而坐。)
It’s running around the neighborhood.
第十四课
主语 + make + 人 + 动词原形
(叫某人做某事)
make 使役动词用法,结构为 主语 + make + 人 + 动词原形,表示"让/叫某人做某事"。
Father makes me clean his bike every Sunday.
He makes him go to school.
She makes her studying english.
Why + be + 主 + 现在分词?
("(某人)为什么正在……?")
用于询问某人为什么正在做某事,是现在进行时的特殊疑问句。
Why are you smiling?
Why is she hitting him?
Why is he running in the park?
thinking about……
(表示正在思考某事)
结构为 主语 + be + thinking about + 事,表示正在思考某事。
A:Why are you smiling? B:I’m thking about school.
A:Why is she hitting him? B:He’s thinking about another woman.
Why do & does ….
(构成特殊疑问句,用来询问原因、解释情况或引发对某种现象的思考)
用于一般现在时中询问原因,根据主语人称选择 do 或 does。
Why does that make you smile?
Why does she hitting him?
Why do you not go to school?
第十五课
介词 behind
(在……后面)
behind 作为介词,表示"在……后面"。
There is dog behind the door.
介词 inside
(在……之内)
inside 作为介词,表示"在……之内",与 in 用法相同。
There is a pen inside/in the box.
介词 next to
(紧邻……、隔壁)
next to 表示"紧邻、在隔壁",结构为 next to the + 地点。
Mary is sitting next to the window.(玛丽正坐在窗边。)
bank is next to the post office.
介词 under
(在……下面)
under 作为介词,表示"在……正下方"。
He is standing under an umbrella.
Mike is standing under the tree.
Ship is passing under the bridge.
复习:there is & are 和 have & has
在第五课提到 have 和 There is / There are 的区别:以人或者动物作主语的句子用 have / has;以场所起首的句子用 There is / There are。
I have a watch.
The cat has a long tail.
There is a refrigerator in the living room.
特殊疑问句
特殊疑问句就是用疑问副词 Why、When、How、Where、Who、Whom 以及疑问代词 Who、Whom、What、Which 等起首的问句。
- 原句有 be 动词时,要和 be 动词倒装:
Why is he angry?
Why are you crying?
Why is not he doing his home-work?
- 原句有助动词 can、will、may 等时,要和助动词倒装:
When will you come?
How can you do it?
- 原句有一般动词时,一般动词和主语无法倒装,这时候要在疑问词后加 do / does:
Where does he live?
Why do they like music?
with fear
(介词短语,“害怕的、惊恐的”)
with fear 与 fearfully 意思相同,表示"害怕地、惊恐地"。
It’s staring at Rover with fear.
It’s staring at Rover fearfully.
第十六课
here + 代词(习惯用法)
表示"……在这",是英语口语中的习惯用法。
here you are
here they are
here it is
to the + 方向 + of + 地点
表示"某物的方向有什么",用于描述相对方位。
Bill is sttting to the right of Mary.
There is a school to the right of postoffice.
There is bank to the left of the postoffice.
第十七课
介词 across from
(在……对面)
across from 作为介词短语,表示"在……对面"。
My school is across from the swimming pool.(我的学校在游泳池的对面。)
It’s across from the bank.
介词 in the center of
表示"在某地中心"。
There is a big park in the center of my hometown.
介词 near
(在……附近)
near 作为介词,表示"在……附近"。只要 be 动词后面有表示场所的副词或介词短语所形成的副词短语等,be 动词都翻译成"在"。
My school is near my home.
My school is near postoffice.
There is a swimming pool near my school.
介词 & 及物动词 like
like 既可作介词也可作及物动词:
- 作介词时,表示"像“的意思;
- 作及物动词时,表示”喜欢“的意思。
作及物动词时,结构为 主语 + like + 宾语:
The boy likes the dog.
Ben is Selfish. We don’t like him.
作介词时,后面必须接宾语,形成介词短语:
be 动词之后:
My teacher is like my father.
名词之后:
There is no place like my hometown.
主语之前:
Like John, I enjoy music.
作提问:
What is your hometown like?
关于介词 & 短语介词的置放位置
- 与 There is / are 连用时,可置于句首或句尾。
Near my school there is a swimming pool.(句首)
There are several tall buildings in the cnter of the city.(句尾)
- 若介词短语置于句首,可以省略 there。
In the center of the city (there) are several tall buildings.
but & though & although
- but:但是
- though & although:虽然
这两个连词不会一起使用,如果使用了其中一个就不会用另一个。例如使用了 but,就不能使用 although。
My hometown is not very modem, but it’s beautiful.
though my hometown is not very modern, it’s beautiful.
although my hometown is not very modern, it’s beautiful.
In fact & as all matter of fact
(事实上)
In fact 与 as a matter of fact 都表示"事实上”,用于强调后面所说的内容。
He is honest. In fact, he neve lies.
I am tired. In fact, I am exhausted.
Let’s go + 现在分词
表示"去从事短暂的活动",结构为 Let’s go + 现在分词。
Let’s go swimming.
Let’s go hunting.
Let’s go dancing.
第十八课
Can you tell me the way to + 地点
用于问路,意思是"你可以告诉我去……的路怎么走吗?"。更客气的说法是 Could you show me the way to + 地点。
Can you tell me the way to the train station.
I see
(我明白了)
用于表示理解对方的话。
You’re welcome..
(不客气。)
用于回应别人的感谢。或者用 Don’t mention it. 也是一样的意思。
第十九课
并列连词 and
(表示"和"“以及"的意思)
and 可连接平行的单词、短语、从句或句子。
连接单词:
John and David are good friends.
连接形容词:
She is beautiful and helpful.
连接从句:
I like him because he is intelligent and Because he is helpful.
连接句子:
She sings well and she is good at dancing.
当 and 连接三个单词时,第一个单词和第二个单词之间置逗号,and 则置于第二个单词和第三个单词之间:
My friend is handsome, intelligent and strong.
代词 one…another…the other
(一个……一个……另一个……)
用于三者的情况,表示三个中的"一个……另一个……第三个……"。
Her three sisters are busy now. One is cooking in the kitchen. another is fixing her bike in the yard, and the other studing in the living room.
代词 one…the other(两者)
(一个……另一个……)
用于两者的情况,表示两个中的"一个……另一个……"。
I have two son. One is a doctor, and the other is a lawyer.
I have two bicycle. One is a White, and the other is black.
one more
(再一个)
结构为 数字 + more,表示"再……(数量)":
- one more:再一个
- two more:再两个
- three more:再三个
第二十课
短句 Do you relly thing so
(你真的这么认为?)
用于询问对方是否真的这么认为。回答用:Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
第二十一课
副词 not 形成否定句
下列三种形态:
- 句中有be动词时,not置于该be动词之后:
He is intellinent.(肯定) / He is not intellingent.
- 句中有助动词时(如:can、will、may、must等),not置于该助动词之后:
He will not come today. = He won’t come today.
The boy cannot sing. (和can连用时,变成cannot,而不是can not) = The boy can’t sing.
- 句中只有一般动词而无be动词或助动词时,应先在主语后按人称变化放置助动词do或does,再加not,原来的动词均改为动词原形。
She does not love David. =She doesn’t love David.
They like music.(肯定) They do not like music. = They don’t like music.
代词 anyone & someone & anybody & somebody
(任何一个人)(某个人)
以上两个代词分别等于 anybody 和 somebody,anyone / anybody 用于否定句或疑问句中,someone / someboy 用于肯定句中。
I don’t know anybody in the classroom.(肯定)
Does anyone know the answer?(疑问)
Can anybody do it?(疑问)
There is someone there.(肯定)
Somebody is talking to Mary.(肯定)
不过anybody / anyone 若作主语时,仍可用于肯定句,作强调的用法:
Anybody can answer the question.
If he can do it, anyone can.
else
(其他的)
eveyone else like her.
第二十二课
want to + 动词原形
(想要做….)
疑问句:What do you want?
I want to see him now.
want + 名词
(要…..)
The little boy wants more toys.
I want a drink after work.
want + 人 + to + 动词原形
(要某人做….)
He wants me to mail the letter for him.
Mother wants you to wash the dishes for her.
have & want & get + drink
(喝一杯)
have drink
want drink
get drink
go away
(离开,走开)
Don’t bother me! Please go away.
第二十三课
变疑问句的方式
- be动词 与 主语倒装
He is a student. Is he a student?
- 助动词 与 主语倒装
He can do it. Can he do it?
- 如果只有一般动词,则要在主语前面加入助动词do/does,再进行倒装
He studies hard. Does he studies hard?
表示场所的副词:there (那里)& here (这里)& 加入over
使用时,通常置于句尾。
前面加入 over 用于强调there或here。
I see a boy there.
I see a boy over there.
There is a dog here.
There is a dog over here.
所有格代词
- 形容词性所有格代词(相当于形容词,之后一定要接名词)
| 我的 | 你的 | 他/她/它的 | 我们的 | 你们的 | 他(她)(它)们的 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| my | your | his/her/its | our | your | their |
This is my book.
- 名词性所有格代词(相当于名词,之后不可再接名词)
| 我的 | 你的 | 他/她/它的 | 我们的 | 你们的 | 他(她)(它)们的 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mine | yours | his/hers/its | ours | yours | theirs |
The book is mine.
- his / its 可以同时作为形容词性和名词性所有格代词
I have a dog. Its mouth is big. but mine is bigger than its.
- 勿将 it’s 与 its 混为一谈
its(它的)是所有格代词,而 it’s 则为 it is(它是)的缩写形式。
指示代词This、That、These、Those
- This & That 代替单数名词或不可数名词。(this 指较近的事物,that 指较远的事物)
These & Those 则代替复数名词。(these 指较近的事物,those 指较远的事物)
This is my bike.(单数名词)
That is your money.(不可数名词)
These are your books.(复数名词)
Those are his pencils.(复数名词)
- 指示代词 亦有定冠词的功能,之后可接名词。
This bike belongs to me.
These girls are cute.
- 在文章中出现一次后,为了避免重复,this & that用it代替,these & those 则用they代替。
This is my English book. It belong to you.
These books are mine. They don’t belong to you.
belong to….
(属于….)
Put that umbrella down. It doesn’t belong to you.
第二十四课
疑问代词 Whose
所有格疑问代词,可作形容词性(后接名词)或名词性(后不接名词)所有格代词。
Whose dog is this?(作形容词性所有格代词)
Whose is this dog?(作名词性所有格代词)
短语 in the back of ~
(在….之后)
I sit in the back of the class, and Mary sits in the front.
短语 the same as ~
表示跟~一样
same:相同的 as:和
same之前始终要置定冠词the。
常用句型:A is the same as B(A和B相同)
This book is the same as mine.
前面加exactly(完全的)、much(非常)、about(大致),表示相同的程度深浅。
exactly the same (完全相同)
much the same(很相同)
about the same(大致相同)
My bike is exactly the same as John’s.
Bob’s car is exactly the same color as mine.
第二十五课
一般现在时 & 现在进行时的区别
一般现在时
He has breakfast at seven every morning.
现在进行时
He is having breakfast now.
第一句的 has = eats,是一般现在时去,所表示的是常态的动作。 第二句的 is having = is eating 则表示现在正在发生的动作。
at + 数字 + (o’clock)
表示在….点钟,后面的 o’clock 一般可以省略。
He gets up at five (o’clock) every morning.
He haves lunch at twelve.
at + exactly + 数字 +(o’clock)
在句型at + 数字 + (o’clock)数字前加入 exactly ,表示几点整的意思。
Please see me at exactly nine (o’clock) tonight.
at + about & around + 数字 +(o’clock)
在句型at + 数字 + (o’clock)数字前加入 about & around ,表示大约几点的意思。
At about nine o’clock he leaves the house.
At arond seven-fifteen I go to school.
Put on & Take off & Wear
Put on 穿戴(衣、帽、鞋、袜、耳环等可佩带在身上的任何东西。)
Take off 脱下(上面列举的任何东西)
Wear 和 Put on 均表示穿的意思,但 wear 强调穿着了…..(已经穿好的状态),put on 强调穿上…(穿的动作)。
get up & wake up & rise
都表示起床的意思
第二十六课
固定用法 go for a walk
表示散步的意思
on + 星期
例:on Sunday(这个星期天)
如果日期后+s,则表示每逢….,on Sundays (每逢星期天)
Do you want to go to the beach on Sunday?
What do you usually do on Sundays?
I practice the piano on Sundays.
第二十七课
副词连词 Although
频率副词
seldom(很少)
usually(通常)
sometime(有时候)
often(经常)
never(从不)
always(始终、总是)
频率副词通常使用在现在进行时中。
- 句中有be动词,频率副词放在be动词之后。
John is always busy.
Chris is helpful. He is never selfish.
Because they live far away form here, they are sometimes late for work.
- 句中有一般动词时,频率副词置于该动词之前。
He usually goes to bed late.
I seldom talk to him.
get together
(在一起)
together(一起)
Carl and I are working on this project together.
go for a walk & go for a stroll
都是散步的意思。
I usually go for a walk after dinner.
第二十八课
for
为了….
He is always late for school. (他总是上学迟到) (为了上学)
How do you + 动词
疑问句,你怎么~?
What about you
(你呢?)
第二十九课
从属连词 Because
(因为…..)
引导状语从句,修饰主句。
Because 引导的状语从句可以置于主句前后,置于主句前,主句和从句之间置于逗号;置于主句后,不置逗号。
其他从属连词用法也相同(although、when、if)
Because he is knowledgeble, he has me respect. = He has my respect because he is knowledgeble.
代词 one
为了避免单词重复造成句子冗长,可以用one代替前面已经出现过的单数可数名词。
I need a good English dictionary, but I can’t afford one now.
one 也可以跟形容词连用。
I don’t like this red pen. Give me a yellow one.
look for….
(寻找…..)
What is she looking for?
She is looking for a job.
low & high , cheap & expensive
low & high 用于价格的高低。
low price
high price
cheap & expensive 用于物品的价格高低,同时还表达了物品的品质。
The shoes are cheap.
The shoes areexpensive.
no 与 not 的区别
no 是形容词,表示没有一个
not 是副词,表示不
no = not any(没有任何一个),所以 no 可以直接接名词,而 not 需要先接 any 才可接名词。
I have not any money. = I have no money.(这个使用更加简洁。)
not 还可以置于动词 have 之前,形成否定句。但 not 不能直接修饰动词,需要在前面放置助动词do / does,再将动词改为原形。
He does not have any money. =He doesn’t have any money. =He has no money.
第三十课
buy + 人 + 物
买某物给某人
= buy + 物 + for + 人
Romeo buys his wife flowers every day. =Romeo buys flowers for his wife every day.
Can you buy me a new bike?
第三十一课
unfortunately
adv.不幸的是
形容词 some
表示“一些”,也可以表示“某个”的意思。
作一些的意思时,后面可以接 复数可数名词 & 不可数名词
Peter has some very good English books.
I have some money.
作某个的意思时,之后接 单数可数名词,此时some相当于不定冠词 a & an
Some guy is looking for you. =A guy is looking for you.
代词 none
可以用来代替人或物,指三个或三个以上的人或东西中“没有一个”
none of + the(there、those、my、your、his….)+ 复数名词 + 复数(或单数)动词
None of my friends like(s) music.
None of those books are / is intersting.
Knoking at the door
正在敲门
也可以用knoking on the door
Any body home
有人在吗?
完整句子:Any body at home.
第三十二课
I see
=I understand
(我明白了)
What for?
=Why?
表示为什么的意思。
for 表示为什么。
What do you learn English for?
You’re welcome、Don’t mention it. 、You bet
三句话都表达不客气
数量形容词 any & some
any & some 均可作数量形容词,后面置可数名词或不可数名词
any 用于疑问句或否定句中, some 用于肯定句中。
Do you need any help?(疑问句)
He doesn’t need any help.(否定句)
He need some help.(肯定句)
第三十三课
代词 something、anything、nothing + 形容词
something 某事、某物
anything 任何事物
nothing 无事、无物
以上三个均为代词,可代替物或事情;代替物时,可指衣服、桌子、手表等任何具体的东西。
- 形容词修饰一般名词时,置于名词前。但修饰somthing / anything / nothing 这类代词则置于代词之后。(后位修饰)
He is good boy.(修饰一般名词,形容词置于名词前)
I have something good for you.(修饰代词,形容词置于代词之后)
I can’t find anything good at the store.
He is doing nothing wrong.
something / anything / nothing 无复数形式
something 用于肯定句,不可用于否定句;anything 用于否定句和疑问句;nothing 本身具有否定意味,不可再与否定句连用形成双重否定。
I have something inportant to tell you.(肯定句)
Do you have anything inportant to tell me?(疑问句)
I don’t have anything inportant to tell you.(否定句)
I have nothing inportant to tell you.(否定句)
介词 except
表示除….之外,使用时要置于有all(所有的)、no(没有一个)、any(任何一个)、every(每一个)等含有完全意义的形容词所修饰的名词之后。
不含有完全意义的形容词,不能和except连用。
All the boys like music except John.
He has nothing except money.
He likes everybody except me.
I don’t like anyone except Mary.
副词 Unfortunately
(不幸的是)
去掉Un —— fortunately(所幸的是)
What kind of
什么的样的
What kind of clothes does Judy have?(Judy有什么样的衣服?)
第三十四课
have….in mind
(心里想着…..)
Do you have anybody in mind for the job?
Do you have anything in mind?
第三十五课
表示数量的不定代词 little、many、much、few、plenty、several、a lot of
接复数名词
few 很少的,没几个(表示没几个,有否定意味)
a few 有几个(表示有几个,有肯定意味)
several 数个(意思接近a few,但可能数目较a few多。)
many 许多的
quite a few 不少的,相当多的(=many)
only a few 只有几个 (=few)
接不可数名词
little 很少的(表示没多少,有否定意味)
a little 有一点(表示有一点,有肯定意味)
much 许多的(用于否定句,而不用于肯定句,肯定句用a lot of)
quite a little 不少的,相当多的
a great deal of 许多的,大量的
复数名词和不可数名词都可以接
some 一些
a lot of / a lots of 许多的(用于肯定句)
plenty 充分、够多(接复数名词或不可数名词)
plenty of(很多的…. 不少的….)
第三十六课
need to + 动词原形
需要….
You need to some patient.
borrow + 物 + from +人
向某人借某物
Can I borrow a pen from you?
What’s the matter (with you)?
= What’s wrong (with you)? 你怎么啦?
matter 事情
Do & Does + 主(人) + have + 物
提问某人又某物吗
Do you have any money with you?
Not much & Not many
没有那么多
Not much 用于不可数名词
Not many 用于复数名词
第三十七课
一般过去时的形式
主语 + 动词的过去式
I saw him yesterday.(saw 为 see 的过去式)
He lived here ten years ago.(lived 为 live 的过去式)
- 动词词尾加ed
want —— wanted
part —— parted
visit —— visited
help —— helped
- 不规则变化
see —— saw
tell —— told
have —— had
forget —— forgot
- be 动词的过去式变化(不规则)
am —— was
are —— were
is —— was
一般过去时的否定结构
主语 + did not / didn’t + 动词原形 …….
主语 + was not / wasn’t …… were not / weren’t …..
He left.(肯定句)
He didn’t leave.(否定句)
We were happy.(肯定句)
We weren’t happy(否定句)
be in love(with + 人)
爱上某人 & (与某人)恋爱了
I think Carl is in love with Connie.
go to + 地方
到某地去
We need to go to the supermarket.
take + 人 + to + 地方
带(载)某人到某地
Can you take me to school tomorrow?
part from + 人
与某人分手
After saying goodbye, He parted from his parents and got on the train.
just
就在(强调用法)
just before…. (就在…..之前)
at that moment
就在那时
第三十八课
forget to + 动词原形
忘了要…..
I forget to tell you that your mother called.
Where did + 人 + 动词原形
某人当时在哪里做某事?(过去式)
Where did you go last night?(你昨晚去哪了?)
Where did he live yesterday?(你昨天住在哪里?)
Where did you study English?(你当时在哪学英文?)
How many times did you call me
第三十九课
介词&连词 after、before
after 和 before 都有两种词性。
- 作介词
After his resignation, he went abroad.
- 作连词,引导状语从句(after后面可接主语+动词)
After he resigned, he went abroad.
all the time
始终、一直(作状语用,使用时置于句尾)
Charles is a good student. He studies all the time.
at first
起初(作状语用,通常置于句首)(使用于一般过去时)
first 第一、首先(用来陈述观点)
At first I forget his name, but later, I remenbered it.
At first,I was happy, but later, I was frustrated.
granduate from
从….毕业
graduate 毕业(vi)
graduaation 毕业(n)
I graduated from Beijing University last year.
frustrated & depressed
均为过去分词,在本文作形容词用。
frustrated 感到泄气的
depressed 感到沮丧的
现在分词 & 过去分词 作形容词用
在英语中有一些现在分词 & 过去分词可以作形容词用。
现在分词多译为 令人…. / 过去分词则译为 感到….的
The question is confusing.(这个问题令人疑惑)
The result is depressing.(这个结果令人沮丧)
The baby is tiring.(这个婴儿真累人)
The baby is tired.(这个婴儿感到累了)
第四十课
guess
等于thing(我认为)
OK,I guess. =OK,I thing.
What do you mean by ~
你~是什么意思
What do you mean by laughing.(你笑是什么意思?)
frankly speaking
坦白的说
at frist ….. , but later ….
起初….. 后来…..
At frist I was sad , but later, I was happy.
第四十一课
副词 beside
(在……旁边)
I sit beside Carol in math class.
while
(一会儿,通常跟介词 for 与 after 连用)
- after a while:一会儿之后,没多久
- for a while:有一会儿
After a while,I found my keys.
I worked at that store for a while.
and 连接含有两个或两个以上的人称代词作主语
- 主语若有代词 I 及其他人时,应以 and 连接,并将其他人置于 I 之前,以示尊敬。
My father and I went fishing last weekend.
- 除了 I 以外,he、she、they、you、we 等代词与其他人共同作主语时,这些代词应置于第一个位置。
He and his father went swimming last Friday.
We and Mary sang songs at the party.
- 代词并存时,注意下面的顺序。
You, he and I are good friends.
We, you and they are good friends.
go + 现在分词
表示从事某种短暂性的活动。常见搭配:go camping、go hunting、go shopping、go swimming、go golfing、go mountain climbing。
动词不能直接作主语,应将动词变成动名词放可作主语。
作主语的通常是名词或代词,动词要变成动名词才能作主语。
Singing songs with him is fun.
Camping by the river is fun.
take turns (at) + 动名词
(轮流……)
The three boys took turns (at) looking after their sick mother.
第四十二课
have fun
(玩得愉快)
同义说法:have a good time、have a wonderful time、have a great time、have a lot of fun。
have fun (in) + 动名词
(做……很愉快)
We had fun singing songs at the party.
How often do you + 动词原形
(你多久……一次?)
How often do you go camping?
How often do you visit your grandparents?
第四十三课
谚语 kill two birds with one stone
(一石二鸟;两全其美;一举两得)
助动词 must 和 have to 的区别
这两个词语都表示「必须做某事」,但使用上有差异,后面均接动词原形。
- must:表示道德或义务(如爱国、孝敬父母)上的必须时,只能用 must,即义务性的必须;通常只表示现在或未来的状况,不能用于过去时中。
- have to:也表示必须,但带有勉强、不得不做的意味;除现在或未来外,还可改为过去式 had to,用于过去时中。
You must love your country.
You have to finish the work before you can go home.
He must come here tomorrow.
He had to stay here yesterday.
助动词 ought to 和 should
均表示应该……,用法相同,可以互换,后面均接动词原形。
He should talk to his boss, but he’s afraid.
He ought to talk to his boss, but he’s afraid.
What ought Dan to do?
注意:疑问句中只将 ought 提前,不要写成 ought to 开头的错误结构。
助动词 might + 动词原形
might 是 may 的过去式,但不表示过去的状态,而是表示较低的可能性,可译成也许、大概、说不定;而 may 则表示较高的可能性,可译成很可能。
You may be right, so I will take your advice.
You might be right, but I think my way is better.
take + 人或物 + to + 地方
(将某物/某人运送到某地)
Please take me to the station.
He can take the work home.
说明:
- 这里 home 是副词,相当于表示场所的 there、here,置于句尾修饰动词时,其前不能加介词 to。
Let’s go home now.
He went there with Mary.
- 但若 home 之前冠以所有格代词,则 home 作名词,其前应加 to 作宾语。
Let’s go to my home.
副词短语 this way & that way
原为 in this way(以这种方式),译成「这样的话」;若是 that way,则译成「那样的话」。way 即方式。
You must be modest. That way, you will be respected.
talk to + 人
(对某人说话)
You have to talk to your parents about your marriage plans.
be afraid to + 动词原形
(害怕……)
Don’t be afraid to speak English.
get angry with + 人
(生某人的气)
angry 前可加 be 动词或动词 get,但意思略有区别:用 get 强调动作刹那间发生;用 be 动词则强调持续的状态。
He got angry with me when I broke the window, and he is still angry now.
短语 take a day off
(请一天假);take two days off 即请两天假。
Last week I was sick, so I took two days off from work.
the day after tomorrow & the day before yesterday
- the day after tomorrow:后天
- the day before yesterday:前天
take care of…..
(照顾……),等于 look after。care 即关怀、照料。
Can you take care of my dog for a few days?
第四十四课
短语 in fact
(实际上);fact 即事实。
Mike likes Jessica. In fact, I think he loves her.
短语 had a bad cold
(患重感冒);cold 即感冒。
You have a bad cold. You should take some medicine.
短语 be getting better
(病渐渐好起来);此处 better 是 well(身体健康的)的比较级。
A:Do you still feel sick? B:Yes, but I’m getting better.
wrong with…..
(……出错、出事);wrong 即错误。
She’s crying. There must be something wrong with her.
There is nothing wrong with me.
第四十五课
副词 Moreover
(此外,而且),和副词 besides 的意思一样,可以互相替换。
Mike is very kind. Moreover, he is honest.
短语 To make matters worse, …..
(更糟的是……),也可以用 What’s worse。
He is stupid. To make matters worse, he doesn’t study.
It was raining. To make matters worse, I forgot to bring my umbrella.
As a result
(结果……)
He didn’t study. As a result, he failed the exam.
He missed the train. As a result, he was late.
left
(将……留在……)。介词搭配:在火车、巴士这类可以站起来走动的交通工具上用 on;在小车、出租车这类站不起来的交通工具里用 in。
I left my umbrella on the bus.
I left my camera in the taxi.
介词短语 to work
(工作、上班)
由How & What形成的感叹句
感叹句均由陈述句(即主语 + 动词…… 的句子结构)转变而成。
由 How 引导:
- 陈述句中有形容词且其后无名词时,把该形容词移到 How 之后即可。
陈述句:He is nice. 感叹句:How nice he is!
- 陈述句中有副词时,把该副词移到 How 之后即可。
陈述句:He worked hard. 感叹句:How hard he worked!
- How 也可以修饰陈述句中的动词,把 How 放在陈述句句首即可。
陈述句:I love that picture. 感叹句:How I love that picture!
由 What 引导:
此时 what 是形容词,其后须接名词,或含有形容词修饰的名词。
- 陈述句中有名词时,把该名词移到 what 之后即可。
陈述句:It was a nightmare. 感叹句:What a nightmare it was!
- what 引导的感叹句中,what 之后接名词,再接主语 + be 动词,主语 + be 动词可以省略。
What a nightmare it was! —— What a nightmare!
What a nice boy!
第四十六课
immediately
(立刻,马上)
短语 I have a terrible headache
(我头痛得厉害)
go & come + 动词原形
表示去做某事。也可以在中间加入 and,变成 go and / come and + 动词原形(意思一样,但一般会省略 and)。
go see a doctor. = come see a doctor.
What + 名词
形成感叹句,可翻译成「多么……」。
What a good time we had.
What a good student he is.
第四十七课
被动语态的形成及用法
- 被动语态均由及物动词形成。
- 及物动词变被动语态时,除非绝对必要,否则「by + 宾语」往往省略。
He is respected.(省略了 by them)
The naughty boy was punished.(省略了 by the teacher)
- 及物动词多是一个单词,但有时由两个或三个单词构成,此时就成为短语动词,其共同特征是最后一个单词一定是介词。
短语 make a big diffrence
(产生很大的不同)
be popular with + 众人
(受到一群人的欢迎)
That teacher is very popular with her students.
in a(n)…. manner
(以……方式)
She spoke to us in an impolite manner.
It is bad manners to point at people.
look down upon + 人
(轻视某人);其反义为 look up to + 人(尊重某人)。
People look down upon Barry, because he is a thief.
look up to + 人
(瞧得起、尊重某人);其反义为 look down upon + 人(轻视某人)。
People look up to a good leader.
on (the)one hand…. on the other (hand)
(一方面……另一方面)
On the one hand, it’s fun to have a dog. On the other hand, it’s a big responsibility.
Why & Why not + 动词原形
Why 或 Why not 之后可以直接接动词原形,形成简略的问句。如果后面接的是主语,则不能使用此结构,必须在 Why 和主语之间加助动词(如 Why shouldn’t I be honest?)。
- Why + 动词原形 = Why should I/we + 动词原形?(我/我们为何要……?)
Why stay here? = Why should I/we stay here?
Why be quiet? = Why should I/we be quiet?
- Why not + 动词原形?= Why can’t you/we + 动词原形(你/你们/我们为何不……?)
Why not be quiet? = Why can’t you/we be quiet?
Why not stay here? = Why can’t you/we stay here?
副词 Therefore
(因此)
We spent all our money; therefore, we had to go home.
第四十八课
短语 Don’t mation it
(不客气)。其他同义说法:You’re welcome、Don’t mention it.、You bet。
Can you….. & Could you……
(你能不能…… / 您可否……)。使用 Could you 语气会礼貌客气得多。
Can you pass me the sugar, please?
= Could you pass me the sugar, please?
第四十九课
反问句的句型和用法
反问句形成的基本规则是:**肯定句以否定形式反问,否定句则以肯定形式反问。**一般有以下五种形式:
- 句中有 be 动词时,以该 be 动词反问。
肯定句:He is polite, isn’t he?(他很有礼貌,对不对?)
否定句:You aren’t happy, are you?(你不快乐,对不对?)
- 句中有助动词时,以该助动词形成反问。
肯定句:He can do it, can’t he?(他能做这件事,对不对?)
否定句:He won’t come, will he?(他不会来,对不对?)
- 肯定句有一般动词时,依时态及人称以 do、does 或 did 形成反问;否定句中因已有 do、does 或 did,反问部分仍用 do、does 或 did。
肯定句:He studies hard, doesn’t he?(他很用功,对不对?)
否定句:They didn’t like it, did they?(他们不喜欢它,对不对?)
- 以 Let’s(Let us)引导的祈使句,反问部分固定为 shall we。
Let’s go, shall we?
Let’s rest for a while, shall we?
- 以动词原形起首的命令句,反问部分固定为 will you。
Come here, will you?
Be quiet, will you?
使用反问句时还需注意:
- 反问部分的主语始终用人称代词。
John is angry with me, isn’t John?(错误) John is angry with me, isn’t he?(正确)
You, John and I are good friends, aren’t we?
- 句中主语若为指示代词 this、that、these、those 时,反问部分一律用 it 或 they。
This is good, isn’t it?(正确)
These are beautiful, aren’t they?(正确)
- 句子以 There is / There are 引导时,反问部分仍用 isn’t there / aren’t there。
There is a man there, isn’t there?(正确)
happen to + 人
(发生在某人身上)
Good things always happen to me.
on my way to + 地方名词
(在我去往……的途中)。短语中的人称代词可任意替换为 you、his、her、their 等,形成不同意思。
On my way to school, I met a stranger.
短语 go away
(走开);go back 意为回来。
第五十课
短句 Nice to see you again
(很高兴再次见到你),等于 It’s nice to see you again.
第五十一课
比较等级的形态及用法
比较等级由形容词或副词变化而成(形容词和副词的变化规则相同)。
- 一般而言,形容词的比较级变化有下列原则:
a. 原级是双音节或三音节以上的形容词。
比较级:more + 原级;最高级:most + 原级
beautiful — more beautiful — most beautiful
considerate — more considerate — most considerate
b. 原级是单音节的形容词。
比较级:原级 + -er;最高级:原级 + -est
tall — taller — tallest
fast — faster — fastest
c. 原级是以辅音结尾的闭音节单音节形容词。
比较级:重复该辅音字母 + -er;最高级:重复该辅音字母 + -est
hot — hotter — hottest
fat — fatter — fattest
d. 原级是以 -e 结尾的单音节形容词,或以 -le 结尾的双音节形容词。
比较级:原级 + -r;最高级:原级 + -st
wise — wiser — wisest
gentle — gentler — gentlest
e. 形容词结尾为「辅音 + -y」时。
比较级:将 y 改成 i + -er;最高级:将 y 改成 i + -est
pretty — prettier — prettiest
easy — easier — easiest
f. 不规则变化(数量不多,需逐个记忆):
good — better — best
bad — worse — worst
- 在原级形容词之前冠以副词 less 或 least,则表示「较不……」或「最不……」(否定义)。
beautiful — less beautiful(较不美丽)— least beautiful(最不美丽)
cute — less cute(较不可爱)— least cute(最不可爱)
complain about + 名词 & 动名词
(抱怨……);complain 即抱怨。
Bob often complains about his work.
Mack complained about working seven days a week.
短句 after all
(毕竟)
Don’t be mad at him. After all, he was only trying to help.
短句 try one’s best
(某人尽全力),即 try + 所有格代词 + best。
You should try your best to help her.(你应该尽全力帮她。)
短语 in a way
(就某方面而言)
Mother thinks I’m lazy. In a way, she’s right.(妈妈认为我很懒,就某方面而言,她是对的。)
副词 besides
(此外),和副词 Moreover 意思一样。
I don’t want to see that movie. Besides, I have work to do.
副词 However
(然而,不过)。作用跟 but 一样,但书面语中标点的使用方式不同(口语上没区别)。
He is nice. However, I don’t like him.
= He is nice, but I don’t like him.
according to + 人
(根据某人的说法);according 即依照。
According to Judy, this is a good book.
be critical of + 名词
(批评……,挑剔……);critical 即批评的。
You shouldn’t be so critical of others.(你不应该对他人这么挑剔。)
第五十二课
短句 What & How about you
(你呢?)What about you 和 How about you 意思一样。
提问 which one……
(哪一个)
Which one do you like best, David or Jim?
提问 Do you like…..
(你喜欢……?)
Do you like coffee?
Do you like Ray or Sam?
第五十三课
prefer to + 动词原形
(比较喜欢……,宁愿……);prefer 即比较喜欢。
I prefer to stay in and rest tonight.
**prefer to + 动词原形 + rather than + 动词原形:喜欢……胜于……。**此处 rather than 视为并列连词,表示「而非」,连接两个动词原形。
I prefer to listen to music rather than watch TV.(我喜欢听音乐胜于看电视。)
**prefer + 名词 + to + 名词:喜欢……胜于……。**此处 to 是介词,有「针对」的意味,prefer A to B 表示「就 A 和 B 而言,比较喜欢 A」。
I prefer music to movies.(我喜欢音乐胜于电影。)
介词短语 above all
(最重要的是),等于 most important of all。
The doctor told my father to go on a diet. Above all, he told him to stop smoking.
be busy(in) + 动名词
(忙着从事)
He is busy writing a letter.
be friendly with + 人
(对某人友善)
I am friendly with my neighbors.
believe in…..
(笃信……,强调信仰或信念)。比较:believe + 宾语 表示相信某人/某人的话。
I believe him.
I believe in working hard.
动词不能作主语
动词不能直接作主语,要变成不定式(to + 动词原形)或动名词(动词字尾加 -ing)方可作主语。
Live in the country is safer.(错误)
To live in the country is safer.(正确)
有时形成的主语过长过大,就用 it 来代替,把不定式或动名词短语移至句尾,此时动名词亦常改为不定式:
To live in the country is safer.
It is safer to live in the country.(最佳)
介词短语不能作主语
介词短语不能作主语,只有名词和代词方可作主语。
In the room is stuffy.(错误)
It is stuffy in the room.(正确)
第五十四课
副词 Frankly
(坦白地说)。通常置于句首,其后加逗号,修饰全句,相当于 to be frank with you(坦白地对你说)。
Frankly, I don’t like your idea.
To be frank with you, you should work harder.
Do you like + 事物
(你喜欢……吗?)
Do you like my new dress?
第五十五课
not necessarily
(未必)
The boss isn’t necessarily always right.
Rich people are not necessarily happier.
短语 as poor as church mouse
(穷得像教堂里的老鼠一样,比喻穷得要命);复数为 as poor as church mice。
The businessman lost everything he had and is now as poor as a church mouse.
as…as….
(和……一样)。as…as… 结构中一定要有副词或形容词才可使用。
第一个 as 是副词,译成「一样地」,其后须接形容词或副词以供其修饰;第二个 as 是从属连词,译成「和」,其后接主语及动词,形成状语从句,修饰第一个 as。
- 主句有 be 动词时,从句亦用 be 动词,该 be 动词通常省略。
She is as beautiful as you do.(错误)
She is as beautiful as you are.(正确)
= She is as beautiful as you.(省略 be 动词)
- 主句有一般动词时,状语从句应使用相同的动词,但为避免重复,该动词按时态及人称改为 do、does 或 did;而 do、does、did 通常也省略。
He studies as hard as I do.(study 是现在时,用 do 替代)
= He studies as hard as I.(省略 do)
He came back as early as I did.(came 是过去式,用 did 替代)
= He came back as early as I.(省略 did)
more…than….
(比……更……);than 即比……。
He is more knowledgeable than his father.
than 引导的状语从句中动词省略的法则:
- 主句有 be 动词时,从句亦用 be 动词,该 be 动词通常省略。
She is more beautiful than you do.(错误)
She is more beautiful than you are.(正确)
= She is more beautiful than you.(省略 be 动词)
- 主句有一般动词时,从句理应使用相同的动词,但为避免重复,按时态及人称改为 do、does 或 did;do、does、did 通常也省略。
He studies harder than I do.(study 是现在时,用 do 替代)
He came back earlier than I did.(came 是过去式,用 did 替代)
代词 some…other….
(有些人……有些人……)
Some people have more money than others.
句中的 others 是代词,等于 other people;some 亦可作代词,等于 some people。
People have different hobbies. Some like to go swimming, and others are fond of dancing.
第五十六课
短语 Not really
(不见得)
wait for + 人或事物
(等候某人或某事物)
We waited for you at the station.
He waited for two hours.(没有宾语时 for 可省略,也可不省略)
= He waited two hours.
说明:后面不加宾语时可以去掉 for;加宾语时必须用 wait for。
第五十七课
比较级中形容词的最高级及用法
复习第 51 课「比较等级的形态及用法」,补充以下要点:
- 形容词的最高级应与定冠词 the 连用。
She is a most beautiful girl in her class.(错误)
She is the most beautiful girl in her class.(正确)
David is a best student in his school.(错误)
David is the best student in his school.(正确)
- 含有比较等级的句子结构中,有三个或三个以上的比较对象时方可使用最高级;若只有两个对象相互比较,只能用比较级。
Of the three girls, she is the most beautiful. 这三个女孩子中,她是最美的。
Of the ten students, David is the best. 这十个学生中,大卫是最好的一个。
- 上句均含有「of the + 数字 + 名词」的介词短语,句中形容词不论最高级或比较级,其前均冠以定冠词 the;且由于介词短语中已有名词出现,形容词最高级或比较级之后相同的名词就应省略。
Of the two boys, John is better.(错误)
Of the two boys, John is the better.(最佳,名词已省略)
这两个男孩中,约翰比较好。
- 上列 of 引导的介词短语中,数字为 three 或以上时,of 可由 among(在……之中)取代;但若为 two 时,只能用 of,不可用 among。
Of the five cars, the red one is the prettiest.
= Among the five cars, the red one is the prettiest.
这五辆汽车中,红色的那一辆最漂亮。
Among the two cars, the red one is the prettier.(错误)
Of the two cars, the red one is the prettier.(正确)
- 形容词的最高级与 the 之间可置数字(如 two、three 等),与复数名词连用。
John and Mary are two best students in our class.(错误)
John and Mary are the two best students in our class.(正确)
第五十八课
many & much 的比较级 & 最高级
many:原级 many → 比较级 more → 最高级 most
He has many friends.(他有很多朋友。)
I have more friends.(我朋友比较多。)
She has the most friends.(她朋友最多。)
much(变化规则与 many 相同):原级 much → 比较级 more → 最高级 most。much 一般用于否定句,肯定句中会用 a lot of 代替。
He doesn’t have much money.(他钱不多。)
He has a lot of money.(他钱很多。)
I have more money.(我的钱比较多。)
She has the most money.(她的钱最多。)
Among & Of
Among 用于三个以上的人或事物;也可以用 Of 代替 Among,但 Of 也可用于两个人或事物,而 Among 不可以。
Of the two girls, Mary is the more beautiful.
第五十九课
be concerned about + 人、物
(关心某人、某物)
I’m very concerned about Bill. He looks sick.
be in trouble
(处于困难、麻烦中)
Mary is in trouble because she cheated on a test.
sympathetic with + 人
(同情某人)。同义说法:be sympathetic to + 人、feel sympathy for + 人。
I sympathize with him.
I’m sympathetic to him.
I feel sympathy for him.
第六十课
本课无语法点笔记。
第六十一课
短语 every now and then
跟 sometime 一样,表示"有时、偶尔”。
短语 In the end
到最后
拓展:
- in the beginning 起初 = at first
- in the end 到最后 = at last
短语 One day
表示时间的状语,可指过去或将来的某一天(换言之,可用于过去时或将来时的句子中)。
拓展:
- some day 将来有一天(只能用于将来时,可以用 One day 代替)
- the other day 前几天(只能用于过去时)
One day I had dinner with her at that restaurant.(过去时) One day the little boy will be a great man.(将来时)
以上这些副词或状语可置于句首或句尾。
副词修饰动词
副词有几个功能:
- 修饰形容词,置于该形容词之前
She is very beautiful.
- 修饰副词,置于该副词之前
He worked quite hard.
- 修饰动词,多置于该动词之后
He walked slowly. John speaks English well.
very 虽然是副词,但是不能修饰动词,只能修饰形容词和副词;但 very much 却可以修饰动词,使用时置于句尾。
I very like him.(错误) I like him very much.(正确)
challenge + 人 + to a + 事
向某人挑战某事
Bob challenged Peter to a bicycle race and lost.
第六十二课
短语 after a while
过了一会
Certainly
那当然,跟 sure、of course 意思一样。
help+人+动词原形
帮某人做某事。
第六十三课
过去进行时
与现在进行时的形态和功能相同,但是强调过去进行的状态,表示过去某个时刻正在发生的动作。
形态:主语 + was/were + 现在分词
I was sleeping at five.(5 点钟时我正在睡觉。) They were watching TV when I called.(我打电话时,他们正在看电视。)
主语+was、were+现在分词+when所引导的过去时状语从句
……正在……,这时……就……
I was having dinner when he came.(我正在吃晚饭,这时他就来了。) I was taking a shower when the phone rang.(我正在淋浴,这时电话铃就响了。)
把 when 句型放在前面也是正确的:
When he came, I was having dinner. When the phone rang, I was taking a shower.
动词作"宾语补足语"
英语中,表"看"(如 see)、“听”(如 hear)、“感觉”(如 feel)等三类及物动词,接了宾语后,可用动词原形、现在分词或过去分词作宾语补足语。
- 以动词原形作补足语
I saw him steal money.(我看到他偷了钱。) I heard him sing.(我听到他唱歌。) I felt him touch my hand.(我感觉他碰了我的手。)
- 以现在分词作补足语(强调事情正在发生)
I saw him stealing my money.(我看到他正在偷我的钱。)
- 以过去分词作补足语(强调被动语态)
I saw him punished.(我看到他被处罚了。)
shout at + 人
对着某人大叫
The angry mother shouted at her son.(愤怒的母亲对着她儿子大叫。)
第六十四课
第六十五课
一般将来时
一般将来时表示未来会发生的动作或状态(这个动作或状态会在最近或很久以后才发生)。
句子结构:主语 + will / shall + 动词原形
英式习惯用法:主语若为第一人称代词(I、we)时使用 shall,其余第二、第三人称一律用 will;美式英语不论第几人称都用 will。
He will come this afternoon.(他今天下午会来。) We will call on our teacher tomorrow.(我们明天会去拜访我们的老师。)
can+afford 或 be able to afford
有能力买得起……
I can’t afford that shirt. It’s too expensive. I am not able to afford that shirt. It’s too expensive.
如果用于将来时,一般用 will be able to afford(不可说 I will can afford that car.)。
第六十六课
in + 一段时间
表示一段时间之后(用于一般将来时),等于"一段时间 + later"。
I’ll be there in five minutes.(我五分钟后会到那儿。) = I’ll be there five minutes later.
do 可以代替之前出现过的动词或其他词类
A:You went to Nanjing the other day, didn’t you? B:Yes, I did.
此处 did 代替前面提过的 went to Nanjing the other day。
第六十七课
主语 + be going to + 动词原形
一般将来时的用法,表示将要做某事,等于 主语 + will + 动词原形。
通常 be going to 指即将发生的事,而 will 常用于比较长久的将来,也可用于短期的将来。
We are going to have a big wedding party.(我们将举行一个盛大的婚宴。) = We will have a big wedding party.
第六十八课
第六十九课
主语 + will be + 现在分词
将来进行时结构,表示将来要发生的事情。否定式为 won’t be(will not be)。
- 表示短期内即将发生的动作,可以使用一般将来时(主语 + be going to + 动词原形 / will + 动词原形);如果用将来进行时 will be + 现在分词,则会更强调这个动作(译成"将要"“将会”)。
He will be visiting us tomorrow.(他明天会来看我们。) = He is going to visit us tomorrow. = He will visit us tomorrow.
- 表示在将来某一时刻会进行的动作,此时宜使用将来进行时(will be 译成"会在")。
I’ll be watching TV this time tomorrow.(我明天这个时候会在看电视。) He’ll be studying in the library this afternoon.(今天下午他会在图书馆学习。)
第七十课
特殊疑问词 + will + 主语 + be +现在分词
主语 + will be + 现在分词 的提问形式。
When will you be moving?(你什么时候搬家?)
第七十一课
promise + 人 + to + 动词原形
允诺某人做……
I promise my teacher to do my homework.(我答应老师会做功课。)
fail to + 动词原形
未能……
never fail to + 动词原形(一定会……)
I failed to save her.(我未能救她。) My son never fails to call me up on Sunday mornings.(我儿子总会在星期天早上打电话给我。)
remember to + 动词原形
记得要……
Remember to take the bag.
forget to + 动词原形
忘了要……
I forgot to buy lunch for tonight.
pretty & very
pretty 可以作形容词或副词:
- 作形容词表示美丽的
- 作副词表示颇、相当(但比 very 的语气稍微弱一些)
Who’s that pretty girl over there?(那边那位漂亮女孩是谁?) It’s a pretty hot day.(今天天气相当热。)
第七十二课
remind + 人 + 动词原形
提醒某人去做……
Please remind me to call him tomorrow.(请提醒我明天给他打电话。)
第七十三课
疑问词 + 动词不定式
Joe is learning how to cook.(乔正在学习如何烹饪。)
此处 how to cook 为名词短语,由疑问词 + 动词不定式组成。名词短语具有名词功能,通常作及物动词的宾语(learning 为及物动词,how to cook 为名词短语)。
类似还有:
where to go(去哪里)
when to do it(什么时候做这件事)
how to do it(如何做这件事)
what to do(做什么)
whom to talk to(要跟谁说话)
which to buy(买哪个)
where、when、how 都是疑问副词,修饰之后的动词不定式。
what、whom、which 则是疑问代词,要作动词不定式中及物动词的宾语(如 what 作 do 的宾语、which 作 buy 的宾语)。
但疑问代词之后是不及物动词时,该名词短语之后应有介词,使疑问代词作介词的宾语(如 whom to talk to,whom 作介词 to 的宾语)。
主语 + used to + 动词原形
过去曾经……
They used to live there.(他们曾经在那里住过。)
后面是名词或形容词时需要加 be 动词,变成 used to be:
She used to be happy.(她曾经很快乐。)
连词 that 引导从句
I’m sure that Joe’s restaurant is going to be the best restaurant in town.
连词 that 引导的从句修饰之前的形容词 sure。一般 that 会被省略,变成:
I’m sure Joe’s restaurant is going to be the best restaurant in town. I’m sure he will be coming this afternoon.
第七十四课
第七十五课
表示意愿的动词 + 动词不定式 + 动词原形
及物动词 + to + 动词原形
表示意愿的动词有:want、decide、expect(期望)、desire(渴望)、plan(计划)、wish(希望)、hope(希望)、try(设法)、attempt(企图)。
I wish to jog with him tomorrow morning.(我希望明天早上跟他去慢跑。) When do you plan to take the trip?(你计划什么时候去旅行?)
短语 gradute from
毕业于
After I graduate from university, I got a job in a trading company.(大学毕业后,我在一家贸易公司找到了一份工作。)
rather than + 动词原形,主语 + 动词
并列连词,用于连接彼此为并列关系的单词、短语或从句,表示非但不……,反而……。
- 连接两个有并列关系的动词
Rather than play pool, we went bowling.(我们没去打撞球,而去打保龄球。) Rather than work hard, he plays around all the time.(他非但不用功,反而一直在鬼混。)
- 连接两个有并列关系的主语
He rather than I is wrong.(是他错,而非我错。)
make + 人、物 + 名词、形容词
使……变成……,令……成为……
其它用法:主语 + make + 人 + 动词原形。
The music made me happy.(这音乐令我快乐。) The teacher has made John a good boy.(老师使约翰变成了好孩子。)
感官动词
意思不完全的不及物动词,之后必须接形容词作主语补足语。一共 5 个:
- feel(感到)+ 形容词
- smell(闻起来)+ 形容词
- taste(尝起来)+ 形容词
- look(看起来)+ 形容词
- sound(听起来)+ 形容词
第七十六课
第七十七课
动名词的用法
动名词和现在分词的形态完全一样,均由动词加 -ing 形成,但功能不同。
- 现在分词
与 be 动词连用,形成进行时,表示"正在……“的意思。
He is swimming now.(他正在游泳。)
- 动名词
动名词可视为名词,功能和名词一样。
- 作主语:
Swimming is my hobby.(游泳是我的爱好。)
- 作及物动词或介词的宾语:
I enjoy listening to music.(我喜欢听音乐。) I am sick of talking to him.(我讨厌跟他说话。)
- 作表语:
My hobby is swimming.(我的爱好是游泳。)
- 作定语(置于名词之前作形容词,修饰该名词):
I lost my walking stick.(我把我的拐杖弄丢了。)
靠中文翻译来分辨动名词和现在分词:
- 如果翻译成"正在……",则是现在分词。
He is swimming.(他正在游泳。)
- 如果翻译成"令人……",仍然是现在分词,作形容词,在句中作主语补足语。
The question is confusing.(这个问题令人疑惑。)
- 如果翻译成"是……",则是动名词,且该动名词可与主语互换位置。
His hobby is swimming.(他的兴趣是游泳。) = Swimming is his hobby.(游泳是他的兴趣。)
- 如果翻译成"令人……的"“主动会……",则该单词还是现在分词,作形容词,修饰后面的名词。
He asked a confusing question.(他问了一个令人迷惑的问题。)
- 如果翻译成"供……之用”,则是动名词,作形容词,修饰后面的名词。
I lost my walking stick.(我把我那用来走路的拐杖弄丢了。)
动名词作主语时,不论其宾语是单数、复数或不可数名词,之后都应接单数动词。
Writing English is easy for him.(对他来说,写英文很容易。) Climbing mountains is my hobby.(爬山是我的爱好。)
第七十八课
第七十九课
短语 foot the bill
付账
He didn’t have enough money to foot the bill.
be fond of + 动名词
喜欢……
My mother is not only fond of cooking; she’s also a wonderful cook.(我的妈妈不只喜欢烹饪,她还是很棒的厨师。)
impress + 人 + with + 事物
某事使人印象深刻(impress:使印象深刻)
Bob impressed us with his knowledge of world history.
insist on + 动名词
坚持要……(insist:坚持)
Whenever I take my son out to dinner, he insists on eating hamburgers.(每当我带儿子外出晚餐时,他总是坚持要吃汉堡。)
instead of + 动名词
非但不……,反而……(instead:代替),和 rather than + 动词原形,主语 + 动词 意思一样。
Instead of riding bicycles, let’s go for a walk.(咱们不要骑自行车,改去散步吧。)
seem to + 动词原形
似乎……(seem:似乎)
John seems to be happy, but I can’t be sure.(约翰似乎很快乐,但我不能肯定。)
短语 be oneself
做真实的自我
Don’t be nervous about your interview; just be yourself and you’ll do fine.(别担心你的面试,你只要表现出真实的自我就会做得很好。)
动名词作介词的宾语
They always insist on footing the bill when they are out with friends.(他们与朋友外出时总是争着付账。) Many people are fond of showing off.(很多人喜欢炫耀。)
以上两句中,showing off 和 footing the bill 都是动名词短语,作介词 of 和 on 的宾语。
think的使用规则
- think 作及物动词时,后面可以接 that 引导的名词从句(that 一般可以省略)。
- think 直接接名词时,作不及物动词,后面一定要加 of(think of)。
第八十课
be good at + 事物
擅长……
I am good at cooking.(我擅长烹饪。)
be verset in + 事物
擅长……
He is versed in writing.
下册:美语初级(下)|第八十一课~第一百一十课
初级(下)在初级(上)的基础上继续深入,覆盖了动名词、关系代词、被动语态、比较级等进阶语法点。以下按课次整理每课的重点句型与语法点。
第八十一课
die of….
因……而死去。
Steve’s grandmother died of old age. (史蒂夫的祖母是高龄去世。)
try + 动名词
尝试……。
If you want to lose weight, you should try exercising. (如果你想减肥,可以尝试运动看看。)
whenever
每当。
Whenever I see him, I feel happy. (每当我见到他,我都感到高兴。)
Whenever I see him, I get angry. (每当我见到他,我就生气。)
it is no use + 动名词
……是没有用的。
It’s no use talking to her; she’s not going to listen. (跟她讲是没有用的,因为她根本不会听。)
give up + 动名词
放弃……。
He gave up smoking. (他戒烟了。)
第八十二课
serve as….
担任……。
She serves as an usherette at that movie house. (她在那家电影院担任引座员。)
allow + 人 + to + 动词原形
允许某人……。
Our teacher doesn’t allow us to read comic books.
第八十三课
关系代词
关系代词一共有 5 个:who、whom、which、that、whose,均视为连词,引导定语从句。该从句视为形容词,修饰其前的名词。
- who、whom:这两个关系代词专门修饰人,前面一定要接一个表示人的名词。who 作主语,whom 作宾语。
John is my good friend, who never lies. (约翰是我的好朋友,他从不说谎。)
John is my good friend, whom I trust. (约翰是我的好友,我信任他。)
- which:可以代替除人以外的一切事物(动物、静物、植物、地方、概念等),可作主语和宾语,使用时前面一定要有可被代替的名词。
I love dogs, which are faithful to their masters. (我喜欢狗,它们对主人很忠诚。)
He doesn’t study, which makes his father angry. (他不念书,这点令他父亲生气。)
I live in Shanghai, which I want to visit soon. (我住在上海,我希望很快能到这城市走一趟。)
- whose:所有格关系代词,代替 his、her、their、its 等人和物的所有格。whose 后面接名词,即"whose + 名词”,可作主语或宾语。
He is John, whose father is my teacher. (他是约翰,他的父亲是我的老师。)
He is John, whose son I used to teach. (他是约翰,我教过他的儿子。)
- that:也可作关系代词,等于 who、whom、which;但 that 前面不能放逗号,而 who、whom、which 前面则视需要放与不放逗号。
He is the man whom you can trust. = He is the man that you can trust. (他是一个你可以信赖的人。)
Where is the watch which I bought yesterday? = Where is the watch that I bought yesterday? (昨天我买的那只手表在哪里?)
第八十四课
Would you like to + 动词原形
你想要……吗?
Would you like to go to the school dance with me?
第八十五课
be related to….
与……有关。
A: Is Mike related to Jim? B: Yes, they’re cousins. (迈克和吉米有关系吗?——有的,他们是表兄弟。)
in between
两者之间。
John is an introvert, I’m an extrovert, and Peter is in between. (约翰是内向的人,我是外向的,而彼得居中。)
whereas
而……。
He is nice, whereas his brother is bad. (他很好,而他弟弟很坏。)
When it comes to + 动名词
一说到……。 引导状语从句。
When it comes to music, John is in the know. (一说到音乐,约翰就很在行。)
When it comes to singing, John is the best. (一说到唱歌,约翰是最棒的。)
名词性从句
名词性从句的种类:
- that 引导的名词性从句:由陈述句变化而成,在陈述句之前冠以 that 即成名词性从句。
陈述句:He works hard. 名词性从句:that he works hard.
- whether(是否)引导的名词性从句:由一般疑问句(可用 yes/no 回答)变化而成。在一般疑问句前加 whether,原本倒装的结构还原成不倒装的形式即为名词性从句。
be 动词:Is he happy? → whether he is happy 助动词:Will he come? → whether he will come do/does/did 类助动词:先在前面加 whether,再把 do/does/did 去掉,句中动词按其时态还原。
Do they like it? → whether they like it Does she hate him? → whether she hates him Did you go there? → whether you went there
- 特殊疑问词引导的名词性从句:由特殊疑问句变化而成,保留原来的疑问词,把倒装结构还原成不倒装的形式。
Who is he? → Who he is Whose bike is this? → Whose bike this is When will he come? → When he will come How did he do it? → How he did it
注意:若疑问代词 who、what、which 在原疑问句中作主语,变成名词性从句时结构不变,无需任何变化。例如 Who will come? → Who will come。
名词性从句的功能:
名词性从句是一种用作名词的句子:
- 从句之前一定要有 that、whether 或疑问词(who、when 等)。
- 从句不能独立作句子存在。
- 它和名词一样,在句中可作主语、及物动词的宾语,或置于 be 动词之后作主语补足语。
- 作主语:
That he is a good student is true. (他是一个好学生,这是事实。)
名词性从句作主语时常因主语过长而用 it 作形式主语:
It is true that he is a good student.
- 作宾语:
I believe that he can do it. (我相信他可以做这件事。)
He asked me where I live. (他问我住在哪里。)
I don’t know whether he’ll come. (我不知道他是否会来。)
- 作 be 动词后的主语补足语:
The truth is that he has no money. (事实的真相是他没钱。)
The question is whether he’ll come. (问题是他是否会来。)
注意:
- that 引导的名词性从句作及物动词宾语时,that 可以省略:I believe (that) he can do it.
- whether 引导的名词性从句作及物动词宾语时,可被 if 取代,if 仍译"是否",不译"如果":I don’t know if he’ll come.
第八十六课
get along well with…..
与……相处得很好。
Mary gets along well with her younger sister. (玛丽和妹妹处得很好。)
They say that…..
据说……;有人说……。 = It’s said that……
They say that swimming is the best kind of exercise. (有人说游泳是最好的运动。)
第八十七课
suffer from….
遭受……之苦。
My dad suffers from high blood pressure. (我爸爸患有高血压。)
be stressed out
饱受压力。
Jack is stressed out because he has too much work. (杰克因为工作太多而压力很大。)
As a result
因此。
As a result, more and more people are suffering from stress. (因此,越来越多的人正遭受压力之苦。)
deal with….
处理……。 = cope with
I don’t know how that mother deals with so many children. (我不知道那位母亲如何应付那么多孩子。)
more and more(比较级 and 比较级)
越来越多。
- 作形容词,后接复数名词或不可数名词:
More and more students are learning English. (学英文的学生越来越多。)
He is making more and more money. (他赚的钱越来越多了。)
- 作副词,后接副词或形容词:
He is doing things more and more carefully. (他做事越来越谨慎了。)
She is getting more and more beautiful. (她变得越来越漂亮了。)
- 被修饰的形容词或副词若为单音节(或少数双音节),通常直接用"比较级 + and + 比较级":
His English is getting better and better. (他的英语越来越好了。)
短语 sense of humor
幽默感。
People who have a sense of humor are very popular. (有幽默感的人很受欢迎。)
thoes who… + 复数动词
凡是……的人……。 = one who… + 单数动词 = he who… + 单数动词
Those who work hard are sure to succeed. = One who works hard is sure to succeed. = He who works hard is sure to succeed. (凡是努力的人一定会成功。)
第八十八课
What’s the matter(with you)
(你)怎么了? = What’s wrong (with you) = What happened (to you)
第八十九课
be about the size of…..
大约和……一样大。 其中 about 意为"大约"。
Bill’s living room is about the size of my house. (比尔的客厅大约和我整个家一样大。)
sound like + 名词
好像……;听起来像……。
Your voice sounds very much like your mother’s. (你的声音听起来很像你母亲。)
五个知觉动词
五个知觉动词分别为:
- sound(听起来)
- look(看起来)
- feel(觉得)
- taste(尝起来)
- smell(闻起来)
后面都可接 like(像)作介词,再接名词作宾语:
- sound like + 名词(听起来像……)
- look like + 名词(看起来像……)
- feel like + 名词(觉得像……)
- taste like + 名词(尝起来像……)
- smell like + 名词(闻起来像……)
关系代词 that 使用的时机
以下三种情况下,关系代词宜用 that:
- 在有最高级形容词修饰的名词之后:
He is the best student that I’ve ever taught. (他是我教过最好的学生。)
- 在有 the only 修饰的名词之后:
He is the only boy that knows the answer. (他是唯一知道答案的男孩。)
- 在有序数词(the first、the second…the last)修饰的名词之后:
The last question that he asked was interesting. (他问的最后一个问题很有趣。)
第九十课
go to 地点 + for a visit
去……走一走。
I’ll go to the park for a visit. (我要去公园走一走。)
第九十一课
状语从句变分词短语
when(当)、while(在……的时候)、if(如果)、unless(除非)、once(一……就……)、though(虽然)等均为连词。其所引导的状语从句中,若主语与主句的主语相同,该状语从句即可简化为分词短语。
简化原则:
- 删除从句中的主语;
- 主语之后的动词变成现在分词;
- 若动词为 be 动词(am、are、is、was、were),一律变成 being,而 being 在句中可省略。
原句:When I am rich, I will buy a watch. 删主语、be 动词变 being:When being rich, I will buy a watch. being 省略:When rich, I will buy a watch. (我有钱时会买一只手表。)
- unless、once、though、if 所引导的状语从句简化成分词短语时,原从句结构多为"主语 + be 动词";而 when 或 while 引导的从句简化时,原从句不一定要接 be 动词,接其他动词也可以。
原句:While he reads, he enjoys listening to music. 简化:While reading, he enjoys listening to music. (他看书的时候喜欢听音乐。)
a part of….
……的一部分。
We should all make exercise a part of our lives. (我们都应该使运动成为生活的一部分。)
replace A with B
用 B 取代 A。 replace 意为"取代"。
In modern cities, buses are being replaced with subways. (在现代化的都市里,公共汽车逐渐被地铁所取代。)
No wonder + 主语 + 名词
难怪……。 本短语由 “It is no wonder + that 引导的名词性从句” 简化而来,实际使用以上面的形式为主。
Carl is very fat. No wonder he doesn’t like to run. (卡尔非常胖,难怪他不喜欢跑步。)
take over…..
接管……;接收……。
The three brothers took over their father’s business after he passed away. (那三兄弟在他们的父亲过世后接管了他的事业。)
第九十二课
(本课没有需要整理的语法笔记。)
第九十三课
短语 Pride comes befor a fall
骄者必败。
think highly of….
重视……;敬重……。
Our teacher thinks highly of Brian because he always studies. (我们的老师很看重布莱恩,因为他总是在念书。)
No matter how ….
不管、不论多么……。 之后接副词或形容词供 how 修饰。= however…
- 修饰副词、形容词时,被修饰的词紧接在 how 之后:
No matter how hard he tried, he couldn’t solve the math problem. = However hard he tried, he couldn’t solve the math problem. (不论他多费心,仍未解出那道数学题。)
No matter how nice he is, I don’t like him. = However nice he is, I don’t like him. (不论他多么好,我都不喜欢他。)
- 修饰动词时,how 之后接主语,再接动词:
No matter how you try, you won’t succeed. = However you try, you won’t succeed. (不论你如何尝试,你都不会成功。)
No matter what
不论什么……。 引导状语从句修饰其后的主句;what 是代词,在句中可作主语、宾语或 be 动词后的主语补足语。= whatever。
- 作主语:
No matter what happens, I’ll support you. = Whatever happens, I’ll support you. (不论发生什么,我都会支持你。)
- 作宾语:
No matter what he says, I don’t believe him. = Whatever he says, I don’t believe him. (不论他说什么,我都不相信他。)
- 作 be 动词后的主语补足语:
No matter what he is, he must obey the law. = Whatever he is, he must obey the law. (不论他是什么身份,他都必须守法。)
类似的连词还有:
- No matter when(不论何时)= whenever
- no matter where(不论何处)= wherever
- no matter who(不论谁)= whoever
take pride in….
以……为荣。 = be proud of…
That woman takes pride in her children’s achievements. (那位妇女以她孩子的成就为荣。)
第九十四课
短语 It’s nothing..
那算不了什么;那没啥了不起。 = That’s nothing.
Congratulation on + 事物
因……表示恭喜。
Congratulation on getting an “A” on your biology test. (恭喜你生物考试拿了 A。)
congratulation 与 congratulations 的区别:
- 表示抽象意义的"祝贺"时为不可数名词:
I sent her a gift as a token of my congratulation. (我给她寄去一件礼物表示祝贺。)
He sent her a note of congratulation on her election victory. (她选举获胜,他就寄去了祝贺信。)
- 用作可数名词时,总是用复数形式,表示"祝贺词":
We must telephone our congratulations to the happy couple. (我们得打电话向那对幸福的夫妻表示祝贺。)
They crowded round the player with congratulations. (他们围着那个运动员,向他祝贺。)
a bit…
有点……。 = a little
It’s a bit hot today. (今天有点热。)
be pound of….
以……为荣。 = take pride in…
Our teacher is proud of us because we all did well on the exam. (我们的老师以我们为荣,因为我们考试都考得不错。)
第九十五课
suffer the pain of…
遭受……之苦。 与 suffer from… 相近。
Roger just suffered a terrible loss. His wife died. (罗杰刚遭受重大的损失,他太太过世了。)
短语 go on a diet
节食;按规定节食。
You’re too fat. You should go on a diet. (你太胖了,应该要节食。)
人 + mean + to + 动词原形
某人打算……。 = 人 + intend + to + 动词原形
I meant to call you yesterday, but I didn’t have time. (我昨天本来要给你打电话,但是我没有时间。)
a bit + 形容词、副词
有一点……;稍微……。 此处 a bit 作副词。
It’s a bit colder today than it was yesterday. (今天比昨天稍微冷一点。)
a bit of + 名词
一点儿……。 此处 a bit of 作形容词。
Would you like a bit of birthday cake? (你想来点生日蛋糕吗?)
be on a diet
在节食中。
I can’t eat candy because I am on a diet. (我不能吃糖果,因为我正在节食中。)
Learn how to + 动词原形
学习如何……。 “how to + 动词原形"形成名词性短语作 learn 的宾语。
You should learn how to get along with people. (你应该学会如何跟人相处。)
Learn to + 动词原形
懂得……;学会……。
You should learn to get along well with people. (你应该学会与人和睦相处。)
live a …. life
过着……的生活。 = lead a … life
- live 作不及物动词,表示"居住”,后接表示场所的介词短语或副词:
They live in the city. (他们住在城市。)
- live 作及物动词,表示"过着某种生活",此时只能用 life 作宾语:
They lived a happy life. (他们过着快乐的生活。)
mean + 名词、that引导的名词性从句
指的是;意味着。
A red traffic light means that you must stop. (红灯表示你必须停下来。)
不定式短语作状语
不定式短语作状语时,可置于句首或句尾,用以表示目的,译成"为了要……"。
To catch the train, John got up early. (为了赶火车,约翰很早就起床了。)
John got up early to catch the train. (约翰早起为了赶火车。)
“to + 动词原形"表示"为了要……",同义表达有:
- in order to + 动词原形(可置于句首和句尾)
- so as to + 动词原形(通常置于句尾)
- with a view to + 动名词
- with an eye to + 动名词
He got up early to catch the train. = He got up early in order to catch the train. = He got up early so as to catch the train. = He got up early with a view to catching the train. = He got up early with an eye to catching the train.
第九十六课
短语 went on a diet
进行减肥(go on a diet 的过去式)。
第九十七课
get around + 地方名词
在某地到处走动;四处走走。
How do you get around town if you don’t have a car? (没有车的话,你在城里怎么到处走?)
be expected to + 动词原形
被预期……。 与 expect + 人 + to + 动词原形 对应。
The movie star is expected to arrive tomorrow. (那位电影明星预期明天会到达。)
expect + 人 + to + 动词原形
期望某人……。 与 be expected to + 动词原形 对应。
The boss expected Bill to have the report finished, but he didn’t. (老板预期比尔会把报告做完,但他没有。)
短语 in some cases
在有些情况下;有时候。 case 意为"情况”。常见变体:
- in many cases(在许多情况下)
- in most cases(在多数情况下,往往)
通常置于句首:
In some cases, it is better to say nothing at all. (在有些情况下,最好什么都不说。)
know + 事物、人 + like the back of one’s hand
对某事物或人了如指掌。
I will teach you how to use this computer. I know it like the back of my hand. (我来教你怎么用这台电脑,我对它了如指掌。)
may 和 might
may 和 might 均为助动词,表示某事物的可能性:
- may 表示较高的可能性,相当于"可能";
- might 表示较低的可能性,相当于"大概、或许"。
You may be right, so I’ll listen to you. (你的话可能有道理,因此我会接受你的建议。)
You might be right, but we can’t be sure. (你的话或许有道理,但我们无法确定。)
数量代词
表示数量的代词(如 one、two、some、many、a few 等)+ of + the / these / those / 所有格代词(如 your、my、John’s 等)+ 复数名词,译成"……其中……"。
One of his hobbies is collecting stamps. (他的爱好之一是集邮。)
Five of the students failed the exam. (这些学生之中有五位没考及格。)
Many of these ideas do not work. (这些主意中有许多行不通。)
Some of John’s friends are good at singing. (约翰的朋友有一些很会唱歌。)
第九十八课
短语 Where to?
到哪里去? = Where are you going?(较正式);Where to 较口语。
短语 What’s hurry?
干嘛那么急? = What’s the rush? = Why are you in such a hurry?
短语 and make it fast
……开快点。 = …and drive quickly.
第九十九课
you’d better…..
你最好……。 = you had better + 动词原形。使用此短语时,若以代词为主语,经常使用缩写形(如 you’d better、I’d better、he’d better)。
You’d better apologize to her. (你最好向她道歉。)
短语 be like looking for a needle in a haystack
如大海捞针。 needle:针;haystack:大干草堆。
人 + be familar with…..
某人对……很熟悉。
I’m not familiar with how to use a computer. (我不熟悉如何操作电脑。)
现在分词、过去分词作形容词的用法
现在分词、过去分词均可作形容词用:
- 现在分词:令人……的 / 正在……的(即将……的)
- 过去分词:感到……的 / 已经……的
和普通形容词一样,这些分词可置于 be 动词后作主语补足语,或置于名词前修饰该名词。
- 令人……的:
It’s a tiring trip. (这是很累人的一段行程。)
The news is encouraging. (这消息令人振奋。)
- 感到……的:
He was tired after a long walk. (走了很长一段路之后,他感到累了。)
I was encouraged when I heard the news. (我听到这消息时感到很振奋。)
- 正在……的(即将……的):
The retiring teacher made a farewell speech. (这位即将退休的老师作了一次告别演讲。)
- 已经……的:
The retired teacher was invited to give a speech yesterday. (这位退休的老师昨天应邀发表演说。)
as 表示“当”和“因为”
- as 可表示"当",和 when 用法相同;
- as 可表示"因为",和 because 用法相同。
Don’t get nervous as you’re taking the test. (当你考试时不要紧张。)
Don’t yell at Fred as it was not his fault. (别对弗雷德吼叫,因为那不是他的错。)
ask + 人 + for + 事物
(向某人)询问;要求某事物。
Ask your father for advice. He’ll know what to do. (去征询你父亲的意见,他会知道该怎么做。)
get angry + with、at
- get angry with + 人:对某人生气;
- get angry at + 事物:对某事物生气。
Carl got angry with his son because he skipped history class. (卡尔对他儿子很生气,因为他逃了历史课。)
Ted got angry at his motorcycle because it wouldn’t start. (特德很气他的摩托车,因为它发动不起来。)
look for….
寻找。
Ralph is looking for his house key. (拉尔夫正在找他房子的钥匙。)
think 作及物动词、不完全及物动词的用法
think 作及物动词时译为"认为";作不完全及物动词时译为"认为……是……“或"相信……是……"。
- 作完全及物动词:
I think that he is nice. (我认为他很好。)
- 作不完全及物动词:
I think him nice. (我认为他人很好。)
- 和 find 一样,think 作不完全及物动词时,不能直接以不定式短语作宾语,须使用句型:
think it + 宾语补足语(名词/形容词)+ 不定式短语(to + 动词原形)
错误:I think to learn English worthwhile. 正确:I think it worthwhile to learn English. (我认为学英文是值得的。)
find 作及物动词、不完全及物动词
find 可作完全及物动词,也可作不完全及物动词。
- 作完全及物动词时只需加宾语:
I found the money.(名词作宾语) I found that he was nice.(名词性从句作宾语)
- 作不完全及物动词时,加了宾语后句意仍不完整,必须在宾语后再加宾语补足语(通常为名词或形容词):
I find him.(只有 him,意思不完整) I find him nice.(加补足语 nice,意思完整) I find him a good boy. (我发现他是一个好男孩。)
- find 也可用名词、代词、动名词作宾语:
I find the work boring.(名词作宾语) I find her a good girl.(代词作宾语) I find swimming fun.(动名词作宾语)
- find 后不可直接用不定式短语作宾语,应先置代词 it 作形式宾语,再置宾语补足语,最后接被 it 代替的不定式短语(真正宾语):
find it + 宾语补足语(名词/形容词)+ 不定式短语(to + 动词原形)
错误:I find to work with him pleasant. 正确:I find it pleasant to work with him. (我发现与他共事很愉快。)
The lazy boy found it a bore to go to school. (这个懒小子发现上学是一件很烦的事。)
第一百课
keep + 现在分词
继续不断……。 = keep on + 现在分词。
例如 keep going(一直走):
Keep going straight and you’ll see the police station on the right. (一直走,你就会在右手边看到警察局。)
第一百零一课
It is + 过去分词 + that 引导的名词性从句
本课主要介绍 “it is + 过去分词 + that 引导的名词性从句” 的句型变化。此类句型常见的有下列几个:
- It is said that… 据说……
- It is believed that… 一般相信……
- It is reported that… 据报导……
- It is estimated that… 据估计……
It is said that Mary is leaving for London tomorrow. (据说玛丽明天要动身前往伦敦。)
It is believed that printing was first invented by the Chinese. (一般相信印刷术最早是由中国人发明的。)
It is reported that a traffic accident took place early this morning. (据报导今天清晨就有车祸发生。)
上述句型的时态变化
我们先以 “It is said” 为例,说明如下:
a. It is said 之后由 that 引导的名词性从句之中的动词为现在式或现在进行式时,可将 that 引导的名词性从句中之主语移至句首,次接 is said 或 are said,再接虚词 to,并将 that 引导的名词性从句中的动词改成动词原形。
It is said that he works hard. = He is said to work hard. (据说他工作很努力。)
It is said that they are learning English. = They are said to be learning English. (据说他们正在学英语。)
b. It is said 之后由 that 引导的名词性从句中的动词为过去式或现在完成式时,可将 that 引导的名词性从句中的主语移至句首,次接 is said 或 are said,再接虚词 to,并将 that 引导的名词性从句中动词的过去式或现在完成式一律改为 “have + 过去分词”。
It is said that he left an hour ago. = He is said to have left an hour ago. (据说他一个小时前离开了。)
It is said that they have come back. = They are said to have come back. (据说他们已经回来了。)
“It is believed” 与 “It is said” 的变化完全相同。
It is believed that his negligence caused the problem. = His negligence is believed to have caused the problem. (一般相信是他的疏忽造成了这个问题。)
It seems + that 引导的名词性从句
“It seems + that 引导的名词性从句”(似乎……)亦有相同的变化。
It seems that he is a good boy. = He seems to be a good boy. (他似乎是个好男孩。)
It seems that he left without saying goodbye. = He seems to have left without saying goodbye. (他似乎不告而别。)
注意:seem 之后有 to be 时,to be 可予省略,故: He seems to be a good boy. = He seems a good boy.
第一百零二课
How come + 主语 + 动词?
How come + 主语 + 动词? = Why + 助动词 + 主语 + 动词原形?
用于询问原因,how come 之后的句子用陈述句语序。
How come you have the same first name as your father? = Why do you have the same first name as your father? (为什么你和你父亲同名呢?)
the same…as…
the same…as… 和……相同的……
以上短语中,same 是形容词,表示"相同的”,same 之前始终要置定冠词 the;as 则为连词,表示"和"的意思。
I have the same book as that one. (我有一本和那一本相同的书。)
first name / last name
- first name 名 = given name
- last name 姓 = surname = family name
注意:中国人的名字写法习惯是,先冠姓,再接名于其后;而英美人士则是先写出名,再冠以姓。
My name is Robert Smith. Smith is my last name, and Robert is my first name. (我叫罗伯特·史密斯。史密斯是我的姓,罗伯特则是我的名。)
be named after…
be named after… 按……取名,以……命名
He was named John after his grandfather. (他按祖父的名字一样取名为约翰。)
英美人士常有和父亲、母亲、叔叔、婶婶或任何值得尊敬的人取相同名字的习惯,以示尊敬。
What about + 人?
What about + 人? = How about + 人? 某人又如何呢?
What about 及 How about 之后亦可接动名词,有下列意思: What about + 动名词? = How about + 动名词? 咱们……你看如何?
A: I like all your brothers and sisters. B: What about me? (甲:你的兄弟姐妹我都喜欢。乙:那我呢?)
A: How about going to the movies tonight? B: Sounds great. (甲:咱们今天晚上看电影去,你看如何?乙:听起来是个好主意。)
第一百零三课
get + 形容词
本课为您介绍 “get + 形容词” 的用法。
a. 一般而言,形容词多置于 be 动词或 become(变成)、seem(似乎)等系动词之后,作主语补足语。
The child is clever. (这孩子很聪明。)
He became strong from exercising. (由于运动他变得强壮起来。)
He seems angry. (他似乎生气了。)
b. get 亦可表示"变成"的意思,相当于 become,但 become 之后可置任何的形容词,get 之后的形容词则有所选择。
一般而言,下列形容词可置于 get 之后:
a. 与"生气"有关的形容词
angry(生气的)、mad(生气的)、crazy(气得发狂的)。
He got mad when he heard the news. (他听到这消息时,就生起气来。)
b. 与"健康"有关的形容词
ill、sick(生病的)、well(身体健康的)。
He got ill last week. (上星期他病了。)
After taking the medicine, he soon got well. (吃了药之后,他很快好了起来。)
注意:get ill(或 sick)亦可用 fall ill(或 sick)取代。
He fell ill but refused to see a doctor. (他病了,但却拒绝看医生。)
c. get 之后亦可接过去分词,形成被动语态,等于 “be 动词 + 过去分词”。
He was injured in the traffic accident. = He got injured in the traffic accident. (他在车祸中受伤。)
About ten people were killed in the fire. = About ten people got killed in the fire. (这次火灾大约有十个人丧生。)
d. get 若使用于现在进行时中,之后可接一般形容词,这些形容词多用比较级。
第一百零四课
here / there 的用法
here(这里)及 there(那里)均为副词,不可作介词的宾语。
They will come to here this afternoon.(×) → They will come here this afternoon.(○) (他们下午会来这里。)
He is from Tokyo. I used to live in there.(×) → He is from Tokyo. I used to live there.(○) (他来自东京。我以前曾在那儿住过。)
但 here 及 there 仍可作名词用,作介词 in 的宾语,强调在某建筑物之内的意思。
There is a study in his apartment. He feels comfortable studying in there. (他的公寓里有个书房。他在那里面看书觉得很舒服。)
turn on / turn off
- turn on… 打开(电器、瓦斯、水等)
- turn off… 关掉(电器、瓦斯、水等)
Turn on the light; it’s too dark in here. (将电灯打开,这里面太暗了。)
If you’ve finished watching TV, turn it off. (如果你看完电视了,就把它关掉。)
Why not + 动词原形?
Why not + 动词原形? = Why don’t you + 动词原形?
why 或 why not 之后可置动词原形,形成一个简化的问句。
- Why + 动词原形……? 为什么要……呢?
- Why not + 动词原形……? 为什么不要……呢?
Why not just open the window? = Why don’t you just open the window? (为何不干脆打开窗户呢?)
Why learn English? = Why must we/I learn English? (我们/我为什么要学英语呢?)
第一百零五课
不可数名词
本课介绍一些不可数名词、连词 so that(以便……)、以及 help 的用法。
garbage 是集合名词,是"垃圾"的总称,为不可数名词,不可说 a garbage、two garbages、many garbage、some garbages;要说 a piece of garbage(一件垃圾)、two pieces of garbage(两件垃圾)、a lot of garbage(许多垃圾)、some garbage(一些垃圾)。
The room is full of garbages.(×) → The room is full of garbage.(○) (房间里都是垃圾。)
He picked up a garbage and threw it into the garbage bin.(×) → He picked up a piece of garbage and threw it into the garbage bin.(○) (他拾起一件垃圾把它扔到垃圾桶里。)
rubbish 亦表示"垃圾",亦是不可数名词,是 garbage 的同义词,用法与 garbage 一样。
其他常用的不可数名词尚有下列几个:
- information 资讯,资料
- baggage 行李
- luggage 行李
- advice 建议,忠告
- junk 垃圾
- music 音乐
- news 消息,新闻
- furniture 家具
- equipment 设备
以上名词亦与 a piece of、some、a lot of、much、little 并用。
How many luggages do you have?(×) → How many pieces of luggage do you have?(○) (你一共有几件行李?)
He gave me a good advice.(×) → He gave me a good piece of advice.(○) (他给我一个很好的建议。)
so that 引导状语从句
so that 为连词,表示"以便"的意思。so that 引导状语从句,置于主句之后,修饰该主句。so that 所引导的状语从句要有助动词 may、can 或 will。句子结构如下:
主句 + so that + 主语 + may/can/will + 动词原形
He studied hard so that he could pass the exam. (他努力读书以便能通过那项考试。)
I need your help so that I may finish the work on time. (我需要你的帮助以便能准时完成这工作。)
注意: a. so that 亦可被 in order that 取代。
b. so that 或 in order that 所引导的状语从句中的主语若与主句的主语相同时,该从句可改为 “so as to + 动词原形” 或 “in order to + 动词原形”。主语不同时则不能采用此句法。
He studied hard so that he could pass the exam. = He studied hard in order to pass the exam. = He studied hard so as to pass the exam. (他努力读书以便能通过那项考试。)
c. so as to 或 in order to 与 not 并用时,应为 so as not to 或 in order not to,而非 so as to not 或 in order to not。
I left early so as to not miss the train.(×) → I left early so as not to miss the train.(○) (我提早离开以免赶不上火车。)
help 的用法
本句中 help 是及物动词,以 to 引导的不定式短语作宾语,但 to 常予省略。即:
help + (to) + 动词原形 帮助……
Let’s help to finish the work. = Let’s help finish the work. (咱们来帮忙把这工作做完。)
help 亦有下列的用法,to 亦可省略:
help + 人 + (to) + 动词原形 帮助某人……
He helped me to write the letter. = He helped me write the letter. (他帮我写这封信。)
第一百零六课
本课为复习课,重点复习不可数名词的用法。
重点单词
- litterbug n. 垃圾虫,乱丢垃圾的人
- trash can n. 垃圾箱 = garbage can
第一百零七课
be known as / for / to
本课介绍 “be known as + 身份” 及 “She is easy to get along with.” 的句子结构。
be known 之后,常用的介词有下列三个:
a. be known as + 身份 以某身份被人所知;是众所周知的……
He is known as a great scientist. (众所周知他是杰出的科学家。)
b. be known for + 事物 因某事物为人所知
He is known for his musical talent. (他在音乐方面的天赋使他声名大噪。)
c. be known to + 人 被某人所知
He is known to all of us. (我们都知道他。)
注意:无下列用法:He is known by us.(×)
famous / renowned / noted
形容词如 famous、renowned、noted,均表"出名的",之后可使用介词 as 或 for。
a. be noted/famous/renowned + as + 身份 以某身份被人所知;是众所周知的……
He is renowned as a talented musician. (他是个颇富盛名才气洋溢的音乐家。)
b. be noted/famous/renowned + for + 事物 因某事物为人所知
He is famous for his invention of the light bulb. (他因发明了电灯而声名大噪。)
形容词 + to + 动词原形
请注意下列的句型:
人 + be 动词 + 形容词 + to + 动词原形
在上列的句型中,形容词必须有"出自某人心中的意愿"的涵义。
常用的这些形容词有 willing(愿意的)、glad(乐意的)、eager(渴望的)、longing(渴望的)、anxious(渴望的)。这些形容词之后要接虚词 to 引导的不定式短语。短语中若动词原形是不及物动词,之后不得置宾语;若动词原形是及物动词,之后应置宾语;若短语语尾有介词,亦应置宾语。
He is willing to go.(○) (他愿意去。) 理由:go 是不及物动词,之后无需接宾语。
He is eager to do.(×) → He is eager to do it.(○) (他亟欲做这件事。) 理由:do 是及物动词,故之后须接宾语。
He is glad to do it with.(×) → He is glad to do it with me.(○) (他乐意与我做这件事。) 理由:with 是介词,之后应有宾语。
easy(容易的)、difficult(困难的)、hard(困难的)等形容词,是修饰事情的形容词,不可用来修饰人。
He is easy.(×) (人很容易。——无此用法。)
第一百零八课
本课为短语用法课,重点短语如下:
keep fit
keep fit 保持健康
fit a. 健康的
I jog every day in order to keep fit. (我每天慢跑以保持健康。)
work out
work out 运动(尤指体操、有氧舞蹈等增进体能的运动)
I used to work out at the gym every afternoon. (我以前每天下午都到健身房去运动。)
as + 形容词/副词 + as one can
as + 形容词/副词 + as one can = as + 形容词/副词 + as possible 尽可能……
You should be as careful as possible when doing the work. (做这件工作时,你应尽量谨慎。)
You must work as hard as you can. (你要尽量努力工作。)
第一百零九课
including 作介词
此处 including 虽是现在分词的形态,实际却是介词,表示"包括"的意思,使用时通常其前置一逗号,其后置宾语。若宾语在句尾,则之后置句号。若宾语在句中,之后置逗号。
a. 宾语置句尾:
He has many hobbies, including singing and stamp collecting. (他有许多爱好,包括唱歌和集邮。)
b. 宾语置句中:
A few students, including John, passed the exam. (包括约翰在内,有几名学生考及格了。)
regarding / concerning 作介词
除 including 以外,有少数现在分词亦可作介词用,常用的有 regarding 及 concerning,均表示"有关"的意思。这两个介词多出现于文章中,与 on(有关)同义。about 亦可表示"有关",多用于口语中。
He is writing a paper regarding / concerning / on air pollution. (他正在写一篇有关空气污染的论文。)
Tell us more about his background. (多告诉我们一些有关他的背景。)
名词同位语
名词同位语用于对前面的名词作进一步的说明或解释,通常置于该名词之后,前后用逗号隔开。
He discovered many rivers, lakes and mountains, including the Victoria Falls, the biggest waterfall in the world. (他发现了许多河流、湖泊和山峦,包括世界上最大的瀑布——维多利亚瀑布。)
上句中,the biggest waterfall in the world 是 the Victoria Falls 的同位语,对维多利亚瀑布作进一步的说明。
第一百一十课
I can’t help it.
I can’t help it.(我没办法。)
此处 help 作"避免"、“防止"解,it 是代词,泛指上句的情况。
I can’t help it. = I can’t help being a slave to work. (我没办法不做工作的奴隶。)
注意:cannot help + 动名词 忍不住……
I couldn’t help to laugh when I heard the joke.(×) → I couldn’t help laughing when I heard the joke.(○) (我听到这笑话时,忍不住笑了。)
take it easy
take it easy 放松一下,慢慢来,别急
A: I feel really terrible. I flunked my Spanish test. B: Take it easy; you’ll do better next time. (甲:我感觉糟透了。我的西班牙文测验考砸了。) (乙:别急,下次你会考好的。)
第一百一十一课
according to…
according to… 根据……
according to 视为介词,之后通常接名词作宾语。
According to a medical report, smoking can cause lung cancer. (根据一份医学报告,抽烟会导致肺癌。)
According to him, five people were killed in the traffic accident. (根据他的说法,这次车祸有五个人丧生。)
注意:不可说 according to his words(洋泾浜英语),正规的英语应为 according to him。
when + 现在分词(复习)
我们曾经介绍过 when、while、if、once、though、unless 等六个连词所引导的状语从句简化成分词短语的方法。
上述的状语从句中,若主语与主句的主语相同时,可将从句中的主语删除,并将之后的动词变成现在分词。若动词是 be 动词(如 is、are、was、were 等),一律变成现在分词 being,而 being 再予省略。
When you do the work, you must be careful. → When doing the work, you must be careful. (做这工作时,你必须谨慎。)
Though he is poor, he is happy. → Though (being) poor, he is happy. → Though poor, he is happy. (他虽然穷,却很快乐。)
第一百一十二课
It’s very nice/kind of you to…
在对话中,若对方帮了我们一个忙,我们可使用下列的句子表达我们的谢意:
That’s very nice/kind of you. Thank you. = You’ve been very kind. Thank you. (你真好。谢谢你。)
亦可说:
You’ve been very helpful. Thank you. (你帮了大忙。谢谢你。)
第一百一十三课
关系代词的省略
关系代词所引导的定语从句若属限制性修饰(即关系代词之前无逗号),且该关系代词在该从句中作及物动词或介词的宾语时,该关系代词可予以省略。
a. 关系代词作及物动词的宾语
He is a man whom we can trust. = He is a man we can trust. (他是我们可以信赖的人。)
There is nothing that he doesn’t know. = There is nothing he doesn’t know. (他无所不知。)
b. 关系代词作介词的宾语
John is the man whom you can depend on. = John is the man you can depend on. (约翰是个你可以依赖的人。)
注意:若介词置于句尾,关系代词可予省略;但若介词置于关系代词之前,则该关系代词不可省略。
The place which I work at is not far from my house. = The place I work at is not far from my house. = The place at which I work is not far from my house. = The place where I work is not far from my house. (我工作的地点离我家不远。)
定语从句简化为分词短语
关系代词所引导的定语从句若属限制性修饰,且该关系代词在从句中作主语时,可将该从句简化为分词短语,步骤如下:
- 删除关系代词;
- 将关系代词之后的动词变成现在分词;
- 若动词是 be 动词,变成现在分词 being 之后再予省略。
The girl who lives next to my house is my classmate. = The girl living next to my house is my classmate. (住在我家隔壁的那个女孩子是我的同班同学。)
John is a young boy who is full of energy. = John is a young boy (being) full of energy. = John is a young boy full of energy. (约翰是个活力十足的年轻小子。)
第一百一十四课
No pain, no gain.
No pain, no gain.(一分耕耘,一分收获。)
这是一句常用的英语谚语,意思是没有付出就没有收获。
第一百一十五课
现在完成时
本课介绍现在完成时及 since 的用法。
a. 现在完成时的句型
主语 + have/has + 过去分词
He has finished the work. (他已经把工作做完了。)
They haven’t received his letter yet. (他们尚未收到他的信。)
b. 现在完成时的功能
- 现在完成时可用以表示从过去某时一直持续到现在的动作。
I have lived here for ten years. (我住在这里已有十年了。)
He has learned English for only half a year, but he has made a lot of progress. (他英文才学了半年,但却进步神速。)
- 现在完成时亦可用以表示过去某时已完成的动作。现在完成时并不强调时间的明确性,只强调到现在为止已完成的动作。故现在完成时不得与明确的过去时间状语并用。
He has finished the work five minutes ago.(×) → He has finished the work.(○) (他已把工作做完了。)
注意:明确的过去时间状语在句中出现时,时态应采过去时。
He finished the work five minutes ago.(○) (他五分钟前已把工作做完了。)
- 现在完成时亦可表示未来将完成的动作。此时表示条件的状语从句(多由 if、when、after、as soon as 等连词引导)采现在完成时,而主句则采将来时。
If I have finished all the chores, I’ll go fishing with you. (我若把所有的杂务做完之后,就会跟你去钓鱼。)
As soon as I have finished all the chores, I’ll go fishing with you. (我一把所有的杂务做完,就会跟你去钓鱼。)
c. 使用现在完成时应注意事项
现在完成时与 “for + 一段时间” 所形成的状语并用时,句中的动词必须有持续发生的特性。
He has lived here for ten years.(○) (他住在这里已有十年了。) 理由:live 表示"住”,有"持续发生"的特性。
He has learned English for five months.(○) (他学英语已有五个月之久。)
since 的用法
since 作介词或连词,均表示"自从……",与现在完成时并用。
It has been three weeks since I saw her last. (自从我上次见到她以来已有三个星期了。)
I have been waiting for this bus for forty minutes. (我等这班公交车已经等了四十分钟了。)
第一百一十六课
get married
A and B get married. A 与 B 结婚。 = A marry B.
Ted and Vivien are getting married this July. (特德和费雯将于今年 7 月结婚。)
注意:表示"与某人结婚"用 be married to someone,不可用 be married with someone。
Mack was married to Sally last year.(○) (麦克去年和萨莉结婚了。)
make up one’s mind
make up one’s mind + about + 名词(短语) make up one’s mind + to + 动词原形
对……下决心,下决心做……
Have you made up your mind about where to study? (你已经决定到那里去就读了吗?)
Laura made up her mind to find a husband and get married. (劳拉决定找个丈夫结婚。)
第一百一十七课
现在完成时在条件状语从句中的用法
本课复习现在完成时在表示条件的状语从句中的用法。
表示条件的状语从句通常由连词 unless(除非)、if(如果)、once(一旦,等于 as soon as)、when(当)、after(在……之后)引导,这种从句时态多为现在时或现在完成时,主句则与助动词 will(表示未来状态)、can(表示能力)、may(表示许可)等并用。
Unless I have extra money, I won’t buy it. (除非我有额外的钱,否则我是不会买这东西的。)
Unless he has told me the truth, I won’t forgive him. (除非他向我说实话,否则我不会原谅他。)
If he works hard, he’ll get somewhere. (他若努力,就会有出息。)
If he has done all the work, he may go to the movies with you tonight. (他若把工作都做完,今晚就可与你去看电影。)
When I have money, I can travel with you. (我有钱时,就能与你一块儿旅游了。)
After you finish the work, you may go home. = After you have finished the work, you may go home. (你做完工作后,便可回家了。)
第一百一十八课
ever 的用法
ever 是副词,表示"曾经",通常用于疑问句或否定句中,不可随意在肯定句中使用 ever 作"曾经"解。
I have ever met him.(×) → I have met him before.(○) (我曾见过他。)
I have ever been to Xi’an.(×) → I have been to Xi’an before.(○) (我曾去过西安。)
ever 可用于下列情况:
- 疑问句:Have you ever been to Paris?(你曾去过巴黎吗?)
- 否定句:I haven’t ever seen him.(我从未见过他。)
- 条件句:If you ever need help, call me.(如果你需要帮助,打电话给我。)
What a pity!
What a pity! 真遗憾! = What a shame!
pity n. 遗憾 shame n. 本作"耻辱",此作"遗憾"解。
It’s a pity that she didn’t come to the party last night. = It’s a shame that she didn’t come to the party last night. (很遗憾她昨晚没参加那个宴会。)
第一百一十九课
现在完成时否定句型
本课复习现在完成时,并介绍现在完成时的否定句型及 “go + 现在分词” 的用法。
have/has + never + 过去分词 从未……
My father has never done anything exciting in his life. (我父亲一生中从未做过任何令人兴奋的事情。)
He has never been out of his hometown. (他从未离开过家乡。)
I have never had the opportunity to meet her. (我从来就没有机会碰见她。)
go + 现在分词
“go + 现在分词” 可用以表示从事短暂而具娱乐性的活动。
常用的此类短语有下列数个:
- go dancing 去跳舞
- go hunting 去打猎
- go picnicking 去野餐
- go bowling 去打保龄球
- go golfing 去打高尔夫球
- go hiking 去徒步旅行(远足)
- go mountain climbing 去爬山
My brother went hunting and shot a deer. (我哥哥去打猎时射杀了一只鹿。)
The Smith family loves to go picnicking during the summer. (夏天时史密斯一家人喜欢去野餐。)
I’d love to go bowling with you, but I don’t know how to bowl. (我很想和你一起去打保龄球,但我不会打。)
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.(只工作而不游戏使人无精打采。——谚语)
dull a. 乏味的,无精打采的
注意: a. 本句的主语为 all work and no play,照理此处有连词 and 连接名词 all work 及 no play,主语应视为复数,但作者将 all work and no play 视为一个完整的单一现象(即"只工作而不游戏"这种情形),因此 all work and no play 视为单数主语,故之后的动词 makes 亦为第三人称单数动词。 b. Jack 原为人名,此处指任何一个人。
第一百二十课
肯定简应句
有肯定简应句及否定简应句之分。
a. 肯定简应句与 so 或 too 连用。 与 so 连用时,简应句须采倒装句子结构;与 too 连用时,简应句不须倒装。
与 be 动词连用:
He is nice, and so is she. = He is nice, and she is, too. (他人很好,她也很好。)
He was going home, and so was she. = He was going home, and she was, too. (他即将回家,她也是。)
与助动词连用:
He will come, and so will she. = He will come, and she will, too. (他要来,她也要来。)
He has gone, and so has she. = He has gone, and she has, too. (他走了,她也走了。)
与一般动词连用:
He came, and so did she. = He came, and she did, too. (他来了,她也来了。)
He has a book, and so does she. = He has a book, and she does, too. (他有书,她也有。)
注意:在对话中,两句指的是同一人时,不论句子是肯定句或否定句,均用 so 引导,且句子不倒装。
A: He is stupid. B: So he is. (甲:他很蠢。乙:是啊。)
否定简应句
b. 否定简应句用 neither、nor 或 either。
neither 与 either 皆为副词,故 and 不可省略;nor 则为连词,前面不必置 and。使用 neither 与 nor 时须使用倒装句子结构,而使用 either 时则与 not 并用,不须倒装。
与 be 动词连用:
He isn’t nice, and neither is she. = He isn’t nice, nor is she. = He isn’t nice, and she isn’t, either. (他不好,她也不好。)
He wasn’t going home, and neither was she. = He wasn’t going home, nor was she. = He wasn’t going home, and she wasn’t, either. (他不回家,她也不回家。)
与助动词连用:
He won’t come, and neither will she. = He won’t come, nor will she. = He won’t come, and she won’t, either. (他不来,她也不来。)
He hasn’t gone, and neither has she. = He hasn’t gone, nor has she. = He hasn’t gone, and she hasn’t, either. (他没去,她也没去。)
与一般动词连用:
He never tells a lie, and neither does she. = He never tells a lie, nor does she. = He never tells a lie, and she doesn’t, either. (他从不说谎,她也不说。)
第一百二十一课
现在完成时的被动语态
本课介绍现在完成时的被动语态,并复习 help 的用法。
及物动词皆可形成被动语态,即 “be 动词 + 过去分词”。
He was punished for lying. (他因说谎而被处罚。)
I believe (that) the whole project will be completed by tomorrow. (我相信整个计划将于明天以前完成。)
现在完成时的被动语态则为:
have/has + been + 过去分词
The whole project has been completed. (整个计划已告完成。)
Have you ever been courted by a girl? (你有没有被女孩子追求过?)
In many countries, the legal age for drinking has been raised from eighteen to twenty-one. (在许多国家中,喝酒的合法年龄已从 18 岁提高为 21 岁。)
help 的用法(复习)
a. help + 人 + (to) + 动词原形 帮某人……
He helped me (to) draw up the speech. (他帮助我写这篇演讲稿。)
b. help + 人 + with + 名词 帮某人……
He helped me with all the chores. = He helped me (to) do all the chores. (他帮我料理所有的杂务。)
c. help (to) + 动词原形 帮忙……
Please help (to) clean off the table. (请帮忙把餐桌清理干净。)
d. help + with + 名词 帮忙……
He won’t help my work.(×) → He won’t help with my work.(○) (对我的工作,他不愿帮忙。)
注意:help 若作及物动词,多以人作宾语,如 “help John”、“help me” 等,故无 “help my work”、“help the chores”、“help the plan” 的说法,而应说 “help (me) with my work”、“help (him) with all the chores” 或 “help (us) with the plan”。
第一百二十二课
quit + 动名词
quit + 动名词 停止/戒除做某事
quit 是及物动词,之后可接动名词作宾语,表示"停止/戒除做某事"。
I quit smoking last year. (我去年戒烟了。)
He quit drinking after the doctor warned him. (医生警告他之后,他戒酒了。)
第一百二十三课
重点单词与短语
1. claim vt. 夺去(人命);声称
claim 表"夺去(人命)“时,其后宾语需用 life 来表示,而不可用 person 或 people。
The earthquake claimed twenty-one lives. (地震夺去了 21 条人命。)
The earthquake claimed twenty-one people.(×)
2. fault n. 错误,过失
- be one’s fault 是某人的错
- be at fault 有过错
I didn’t break the window; it’s not my fault. (我没有打破窗户,那不是我的错。)
Who’s at fault for starting the fight? (引起这场争吵是谁的错呢?)
3. blame vt. 责备,归咎
- blame + 事 + on + 人/事 将某事归咎于某人/某事
- blame + 人 + for + 事 为某事责备某人
The police blamed the traffic accident on bad weather. (警方将这场交通事故归咎于恶劣的天气。)
Don’t blame me for your failures. (别将你的失败怪在我身上。)
4. honk the horn 按喇叭
A: If I want the person in front of me to go faster, I honk the horn. (甲:如果我要前面的人开快一点,我就按喇叭。)
第一百二十四课
本课为复习课,重点复习现在完成进行时及相关句型。
第一百二十五课
修饰比较级的副词
本课仍继续复习现在完成进行时的句型运用,并复习修饰比较级的副词用法。
副词或形容词变成比较级时,通常可被 much、far、a lot、a great deal、even 等六个副词修饰。其中又以 much、far、a lot、even 最为常用。
He plays much better than John. (他弹奏得要比约翰好多了。)
You must be much/far/a lot more careful next time. (下次你要更加小心才是。)
He has been admitted to that university. What’s even better, he has also won a scholarship. (他已获准进入该大学念书。更好的是,他还获得了一份奖学金。)
注意: a. much、far、a lot 亦可以修饰副词 too(太……)。
It's much/far/a lot too cold today. (今天天气太冷了。)b. by far 则可用来修饰最高级,表示"程度很大"或"最最……"。
现在完成进行时(复习)
主语 + have/has + been + 现在分词
表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在,且仍在进行的动作。
I have been studying English for three hours. (我已经学了三个小时的英语了。)
She has been practicing the piano since this morning. (她从今天早上起一直在练钢琴。)
第一百二十六课
本课为短语与复习课,重点包括 play the piano(弹钢琴)等短语用法。
第一百二十七课
Honesty is the best policy.
Honesty is the best policy.(诚实为上策。)
这是一句常用的英语谚语,意思是诚实是最好的处世原则。
If you are honest, people will trust you. (如果你诚实,人们就会信任你。)
An honest man wins the respect of others. (诚实的人赢得他人的尊重。)
第一百二十八课
本课为复习课,重点复习虚拟语气及相关句型。
第一百二十九课
时间名词作所有格
表示时间的名词,如同表示人的名词一样,可用作所有格。
He thinks that if he breaks a mirror, he will have seven years’ bad luck. (他认为他若打破镜子,他将会有七年的背运。)
The hospital is about two hours’ drive from here. (医院离这儿约两个小时的车程。)
Our school is only ten minutes’ walk away. (我们学校只要步行十分钟就到了。)
上列例句的 “seven years”、“two hours”、“ten minutes” 是复数,故表示所有格之符号 “’” 应置于 “-s” 之后。
除时间名词外,表示地方的名词或专有名词亦可使用所有格。
The city’s traffic is getting worse and worse. = The traffic of the city is getting worse and worse. (这个城市的交通越来越糟。)
I’m attracted to Beijing’s scenery. = I’m attracted to the scenery of Beijing. (北京的风景很吸引我。)
not 与 all 形成的部分否定
not 与 all 并用时,形成部分否定。
But not all superstitions are about bad luck. (不过,并非所有的迷信都与背运有关。)
all 可作形容词(所有的)或代词(所有的人或事物),之前若置副词 not 时,即形成部分否定,相当于中文"并非全部……“的意思。
Not all the students passed the exam. (并非所有的学生考试都及格。)
He doesn’t keep all the money. (他并没有保管所有的钱。)
注意:按严谨的语法,not 不论置于 all 之前或之后均形成部分否定,因此有人认为下列两句意思相等:
- Not all the students passed the exam.
- All the students didn’t pass the exam. (并非所有的学生都及格了。)
第一百三十课
本课为复习课,重点复习现在完成时及不规则动词的过去分词形式。
第一百三十一课
与现在事实相反的虚拟语气
本课介绍与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。
if 从句中使用 be 动词的过去式 were,主句(即问句)亦使用了助动词 will 的过去式 would,故属与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。万万不可写出下列的句子:
What will you do if you were a millionaire?(×)
正确的句子应为:
What would you do if you were a millionaire? (你若是百万富翁,你会怎么做?)
If you had only two weeks to live, what would you do? (若你只剩两个星期的生命,你会怎么做?)
If you could travel to any country in the world, where would you visit? (你若可以到世界任何一个国家去旅行,你会去哪玩?)
If you were me, what would you do? (如果你是我,你会怎么做?)
注意:在与现在事实相反的虚拟语气中,be 动词一律用 were,不分人称。
梦想实现的说法
表示梦想的"实现"有下列数种说法:
Thanks to his hard work, his dream has come true. = Thanks to his hard work, his dream has materialized. = Thanks to his hard work, his dream has been realized. (由于他的努力,他的梦想实现了。)
- materialize vi.(梦想)实现
- realize vt. 实现(梦想)
第一百三十二课
本课为复习课,并附有老歌园地。
第一百三十三课
序数词表示法
本课介绍在陈述概念、想法时,表示"第一点”、“第二点"等序数词的表示法。
在短文中,作者藉由序数词 “First”(首先)、“Second”(其次)及 “last but not least”(最后也是相当重要的就是)的引导,条理分明地说出学生应如何准备考试。并以短语 “After all”(毕竟),引导结论句。
First, he must work out a study plan. (首先,他必须制定一个学习计划。)
Second, he must always review his lessons. (其次,他必须经常复习功课。)
Last but not least, he must get enough sleep. (最后也是相当重要的就是,他必须有充足的睡眠。)
After all, success can only be achieved through hard work. (毕竟,唯有经由努力才能获致成功。)
succeed in…
succeed in… 在……方面获得成功
Everyone loved your speech. You were a big success. (每个人都很喜欢你的演讲。你真是太成功了。)
Jill succeeded in persuading the boss to give her the day off. (吉儿成功地说服老板放她一天假。)
achieve
achieve vt. 获致,达成
“You can achieve nothing if you don’t work hard,” the teacher said. (老师说:“你若不努力,就什么也做不成。")
第一百三十四课
本课为复习课。
第一百三十五课
put off
put off 延期
put off 为短语动词,视为及物动词,表示"延期"的意思。
Many people put off until tomorrow what they can do today. (许多人把今天能做的事推到明日。)
本句源自下列谚语: Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today. (今日事,今日毕。)
只能以动名词作宾语的动词
我们曾介绍过少数的及物动词只可用动名词作宾语,不得以不定式(即 to + 动词原形)作宾语。此处 postpone 之后接动名词 doing 又是一例。
下列是常见的只能以动名词作宾语的动词:
enjoy(喜欢)、resent(憎恨)、resist(抗拒)、practice(练习)、mind(介意)、suggest(建议)、recommend(建议)、regret(后悔)、anticipate(期望)、deny(否认)、admit(承认)。
The thief admitted stealing the car. (那名窃贼承认偷车。)
Have you practiced writing your calligraphy recently? (你最近有没有练习书法?)
I anticipate seeing her tomorrow. (我期待明天和她碰面。)
get rid of…
get rid of… 摆脱/除掉……
rid vt. 除去,摆脱;动词三态皆为 rid。
在 get rid of 的短语中,get 即等于 be 动词用法,rid 为过去分词,但 get rid of 为习惯用法,而不用 be rid of。
When are you going to get rid of that old bicycle and buy a new one? (你什么时候才要把那辆旧自行车丢掉,另买一辆新的呢?)
as soon as possible
as soon as possible 尽快地
as + 形容词/副词 + as possible 尽可能地…… = as + 形容词/副词 + as one can
That girl is about as cute as one can be. (那个女孩可爱极了。)
Roger ran as quickly as he could, but still lost the race. (罗杰尽快地跑,但还是输了比赛。)
第一百三十六课
本课为短语与复习课,重点包括 Are you free?(你有空吗?)等日常会话用语。
第一百三十七课
deny 的用法
本课介绍动词 deny、consider 的用法,另介绍介词 for 表示价格的用法。
deny 为及物动词,有下列重要用法:
a. It cannot be denied + that 引导的名词性从句 不可否认……
It cannot be denied that hard work leads to success. = No one can deny that hard work leads to success. = There is no denying that hard work leads to success. (不可否认,努力导致成功。)
It cannot be denied that Van Gogh was a great artist. (不可否认,梵高是位伟大的艺术家。)
注意: There is no + 动名词 = It is impossible to + 动词原形 = No one can + 动词原形 没有人能……
There is no reasoning with such a stubborn man as John. = It is impossible to reason with such a stubborn man as John. = No one can reason with such a stubborn man as John. (谁都无法与像约翰这样固执的人讲理。)
b. deny + 动名词 否认…… = deny + that 引导的名词性从句
He denied stealing the money. = He denied that he had stolen the money. (他否认偷了那笔钱。)
consider 的用法
consider vt. 认为;考虑
a. consider + 宾语 + (as) + 名词/形容词 认为……是……
We consider him (as) a great leader. (我们认为他是一位伟大的领袖。)
b. consider + 动名词 考虑做……
I’m considering changing my job. (我正在考虑换工作。)
for 表示价格
介词 for 可表示价格,意思是"以……的价格”。
I bought this book for ten dollars. (我以十美元买了这本书。)
He sold his car for a very low price. (他以很低的价格卖掉了他的车。)
第一百三十八课
本课为复习课。
第一百三十九课
say 的用法
本课介绍 say 与 tell 的用法区别。
a. say + that 引导的名词性从句(that 可省略)
He said (that) he would come. (他说他会来。)
b. say + 名词/代词
say 作及物动词时,可用名词或代词作宾语,名词多为 words(话),代词则为 something(一些话)、nothing(没有一句话)。
I have some words to say about the matter. = I have something to say about the matter. (对这件事,我有一些话要说。)
When I asked him what he thought about the teacher, he said nothing. (当我问他对老师的看法如何时,他没说一句话。)
c. 有关 say 之惯用语
- say hello to + 人 向某人打招呼
Carl is friendly. He says hello to everyone he meets. (卡尔很亲切,他向每个他遇到的人打招呼。)
- say goodbye to + 人 向某人道别
I won’t see John before he leaves; say goodbye to him for me, please. (我不会在约翰离开前看到他。请代我向他道别。)
- say prayers 祷告
I say my prayers every night before going to bed. (每晚睡觉前我都会祷告。)
tell 的用法
a. tell + 人 + that 引导的名词性从句(that 可省略)
When Father comes back, I’ll tell him (that) you’ve broken the glass. (父亲回来时,我要告诉他你把玻璃杯打破了。)
b. tell + 人 + 疑问词(when、what、how、whether…)引导的名词性从句
Tell me when he’ll be back. (告诉我他什么时候回来。)
He is willing to tell me how he learned English. (他愿意告诉我他是怎么学英文的。)
c. tell + 人 + to + 动词原形 叫某人……
He told me to open all the windows. (他叫我把所有的窗户都打开。)
d. 表示"说故事”、“说谎”、“说实话"时,要说 “tell a story”、“tell a lie” 或 “tell the truth”。
John is good at telling stories; no wonder all the children here like him. (约翰擅长说故事,难怪这里的孩子都喜欢他。)
He’s telling lies again. (他又在说谎了。)
You must tell (me) the truth, or I’ll punish you. (你必须(对我)说实话,否则我就处罚你。)
第一百四十课
本课为复习课,重点复习 say 与 tell 的用法区别及相关句型。
第一百四十一课
常用的不定式短语
本课复习一些实用的不定式短语用法,并介绍助动词 can 与 not 并用时应知事项,以及动词 allow 的用法。
下列为常用的不定式短语,使用时通常置于句首,之后置逗号,修饰全句:
- to tell (you) the truth (跟你)说实话
- to be frank (with you)(=frankly speaking)坦白(跟你)说
- to put it simply 简言之
- to put it differently(=in other words)换言之
- to sum up 总而言之,总的来说
- to do + 人 + justice 为某人说句公道话
To tell you the truth, he is not the kind of person you can trust. (跟你说实话,他不是那种你可信任的人。)
To be frank with you, I don’t know the answer to the question, either. (坦白跟你说,我也不知道这个问题的答案。)
To put it simply, he is a good-for-nothing. (简言之,他是废物一个。)
To put it differently, everyone will die someday. (换言之,每个人都会有过世的一天。)
To sum up, mastering English is not an overnight job. (总而言之,精通英语不是一蹴而就的事。)
To do him justice, he is not as bad as you might think. (帮他说句公道话,他并没有你想的那么坏。)
cannot / can’t
can 与 not 并用时,应写成 cannot 或 can’t,而非 can not。但 could 与 not 并用时,应写成 could not 或 couldn’t,而非 couldnot。can’t 或 couldn’t 多用于口语中,cannot 或 could not 则多用于文章中,是较正式的写法。
I’m sorry, but I can not make any promises now.(×) → I’m sorry, but I cannot(或 can’t)make any promises now.(○) (很抱歉,我现在不能作任何的承诺。)
I couldnot tell him the truth then.(×) → I could not(或 couldn’t)tell him the truth then.(○) (我当时不能把真相告诉他。)
allow 的用法
allow 可作及物动词,亦可作不及物动词。
a. 作及物动词
allow 作"允许"解,有下列用法:
allow + 人或事物 + to + 动词原形
He won’t allow me to try again. (他不会允许我再试一遍的。)
The father allowed his daughter to stay out until eight at night. (这位父亲允许他的女儿晚上在外面待到八点才回家。)
以上两句均可采被动语态(即 be allowed to + 动词原形)如下:
I won’t be allowed to try again. (我将不获准再试一遍。)
The daughter was allowed to stay out until eight at night. (这个女儿获准晚上可在外面待到八点才回家。)
b. 作不及物动词
allow of… 容许……(多用于否定句)
The situation allows of no delay. (情况不容许拖延。)
第一百四十二课
本课为短语与复习课,重点包括 No Smoking(禁止吸烟)等标识用语。
第一百四十三课
重点单词与短语
1. cooking n. 烹饪
Many men like cooking. (有许多男人喜欢烹饪。)
2. weatherman n. 气象播报员
3. It’s raining cats and dogs. 下倾盆大雨。 = It’s raining heavily. = It’s pouring.
- pour vi. 倾注;下倾盆大雨
- drizzle vi. 下毛毛雨
It’s drizzling. (下毛毛雨。)
4. The next time + 主语 + 动词,主语 + 动词 下一次当……时……
The next time I see John, I’ll tell him to stop bothering you. (下一次我看到约翰时,我会告诉他不要再来烦你。)
5. lift vt. 抬起,举起
Alice is not strong enough to lift that desk. (艾丽斯不够强壮,因此抬不起那张桌子。)
6. leg n. 腿
7. kick vt. 踢
The silly boy kicked the ball instead of catching it. (那笨男孩没有接球反而踢球。)
8. bend vi. 弯曲
动词三态:bend, bent, bent。 bend down 弯腰
This steel ruler won’t bend. (这支钢制的尺无法弯曲。)
第一百四十四课
本课为复习课。
第一百四十五课
way 的用法
本课介绍 way 的用法。
a. way 可作"方法"或"态度、样子"解,皆与介词 in 并用。
You should do it in my way. (你应当用我的方法来做这件事。)
In this way, you can achieve your goal much faster. (这样一来,你可以更快达到你的目标。)
I don’t like the way in which he looks at me. (我不喜欢他看我的那个样子。)
You shouldn’t talk to your parents in such a way. (你不应当以这样的态度对你父母说话。)
b. way 之前若有指示形容词如 this、that,或所有格代词如 my、your、her、his 等,之前的介词 in 可予省略。但 way 之前若有不定冠词 a/an 时,之前的 in 则不可省略。
You should do it in my way. = You should do it my way. (你应当用我的方法来做这件事。)
In this way, you can achieve your goal much faster. = This way, you can achieve your goal much faster. (这样一来,你可以更快达到你的目标。)
He did it an easy way.(×) → He did it in an easy way.(○) (他用很简单的方法做这件事。)
注意: in one’s way(以某人的方法)习惯上置于句尾,修饰句中动词,in 可予省略,但置于句首时,则不可省略 in。in this/that way 可置于句首或句尾,均可省略 in。
If you can do it in my way, you’ll be as successful as I am. = If you can do it my way, you’ll be as successful as I am. (你若以我的方式来做这件事,就会和我一样成功。)
My way, you’ll easily achieve success.(×) → In this way, you’ll easily achieve success.(○) = This way, you’ll easily achieve success. (这样的话,你会很容易获致成功。)
第一百四十六课
本课为复习课。
第一百四十七课
provide 的用法
本课介绍及物动词 provide 及名词 influence 的用法。
provide + 人 + with + 物 提供某人某物 = supply + 人 + with + 物
I’ll provide you everything (that) you need.(×) → I’ll provide you with everything (that) you need.(○) = I’ll supply you with everything (that) you need. (我会提供你所需要的一切。)
Television provides us a wide range of information and entertainment.(×) → Television provides us with a wide range of information and entertainment. (电视给我们提供广泛的信息和娱乐。)
influence / impact / effect
influence、impact、effect 均为名词,亦均作"影响"解。表示"对……有影响"时,要与介词 on 并用,形成下列用法:
have a good/bad/deep + influence/effect/impact + on + 人或事物
对某人或某事物有好的/坏的/很深的影响
The students’ naughty behavior had a bad influence on the new student. (那些学生顽皮的行为对那位新来的学生有不良的影响。)
The medicine had a good effect on his illness. (这药对他的病有好的效果。)
The new policy had a deep impact on the economy. (新政策对经济有深远的影响。)
注意:influence 亦可作及物动词,直接接宾语,不需要介词。
The weather influences my mood. (天气影响我的心情。)
第一百四十八课
重点提示
本课为最后一课,为实用会話课。
1. hurry back 迅速回来
hurry vi. 赶快(常与副词 up 并用)
Hurry up! We’re late for school. (快点!我们上学就要迟到了。)
2. do + 人 + a favor 帮某人一个忙
favor n. 恩惠
A: Can you do me a favor? B: No problem. A: Can you lend me $10? (甲:你可以帮我一个忙吗?) (乙:没问题。) (甲:你可以借我美金十块钱吗?)
3. the doctor’s = the doctor’s office
在英语中,有 the 引导的所有格,若很清楚地表示出某人的职业时,其后表示上班场所的名词可予省略。
常用的此类所有格有下列数个:
- the doctor’s office → the doctor’s 医生诊疗室
- the dentist’s clinic → the dentist’s 牙医诊所
- the barber’s shop → the barber’s 理发店
- the butcher’s shop → the butcher’s 肉店
I go to the barber’s once a month. (我每个月去理发店一次。)
Can you keep an eye on the kids while I go to the doctor’s? (你可以在我去看医生时帮我看一下小孩吗?)
本册(初级篇下)共 68 课(第 81-148 课),至此全部整理完毕。